diff --git a/.changes/20261015_120100_cardano-cli_mateusz.galazyn_read-any-script-hash.yml b/.changes/20261015_120100_cardano-cli_mateusz.galazyn_read-any-script-hash.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a256facce8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.changes/20261015_120100_cardano-cli_mateusz.galazyn_read-any-script-hash.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+project: cardano-cli
+pr: 1452
+kind:
+  - refactoring
+description: |
+  Add `readAnyScriptHash` to `Cardano.CLI.Read`, which returns the hash of a script file in any script language cardano-api supports, including Plutus V4. Add `MainnetEra` to `Cardano.CLI.EraBased.Option`, the era used by the `latest` command group and the top-level `node` and `query` commands.
diff --git a/.changes/cardano_era_all_eras.yml b/.changes/cardano_era_all_eras.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..eb625c8791
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.changes/cardano_era_all_eras.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+project: cardano-cli
+pr: 1452
+kind:
+  - bugfix
+description: |
+  `CARDANO_ERA` now accepts every era cardano-api supports, including `dijkstra`, in any letter case, and an unknown value stops the command with an error that lists the valid eras.
diff --git a/.changes/plutus-v4-script-readers.yml b/.changes/plutus-v4-script-readers.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..18baf3a0e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.changes/plutus-v4-script-readers.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+project: cardano-cli
+pr: 1452
+kind:
+  - bugfix
+description: |
+  `transaction policyid` and `address build` with `--payment-script-file` or `--stake-script-file` now accept Plutus V4 scripts, instead of failing with "Plutus language PlutusScriptV4 is not supported in the Conway era". They also accept simple scripts with a `guard`, which used to crash them.
diff --git a/.changes/plutus-v4-script-witnesses.yml b/.changes/plutus-v4-script-witnesses.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b9235b7bd0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.changes/plutus-v4-script-witnesses.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+project: cardano-cli
+pr: 1452
+kind:
+  - test
+description: |
+  Add golden tests for Plutus V4 scripts: script files as direct witnesses for every script purpose in `dijkstra transaction build-raw`, `hash script`, `transaction policyid`, `address build` with payment and stake scripts, and the error for a V4 reference script in a Conway transaction.
diff --git a/.changes/reference-script-unsupported-language.yml b/.changes/reference-script-unsupported-language.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e0a5fe6ba0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.changes/reference-script-unsupported-language.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+project: cardano-cli
+pr: 1452
+kind:
+  - bugfix
+description: |
+  A transaction output whose reference script is written in a Plutus language not supported by the transaction's era now makes the command fail with a clear error, instead of silently building the transaction with that reference script dropped from the output.
diff --git a/cardano-cli/cardano-cli.cabal b/cardano-cli/cardano-cli.cabal
index 9f47dcc52d..a8d709cb36 100644
--- a/cardano-cli/cardano-cli.cabal
+++ b/cardano-cli/cardano-cli.cabal
@@ -487,11 +487,13 @@ test-suite cardano-cli-golden
     Test.Golden.Conway.Transaction.Assemble
     Test.Golden.Conway.Transaction.BuildRaw
     Test.Golden.Conway.Transaction.CreateWitness
+    Test.Golden.Conway.Transaction.ReferenceScript
     Test.Golden.CreateStaked
     Test.Golden.CreateTestnetData
     Test.Golden.Debug.TransactionView
     Test.Golden.Dijkstra.StakePool.RegistrationCertificate
     Test.Golden.Dijkstra.Transaction.Assemble
+    Test.Golden.Dijkstra.Transaction.BuildRaw
     Test.Golden.Dijkstra.Transaction.SubTransaction
     Test.Golden.ErrorsSpec
     Test.Golden.Genesis.Common
diff --git a/cardano-cli/src/Cardano/CLI/Compatible/Transaction/TxOut.hs b/cardano-cli/src/Cardano/CLI/Compatible/Transaction/TxOut.hs
index 18eaacbe71..4b210aeb64 100644
--- a/cardano-cli/src/Cardano/CLI/Compatible/Transaction/TxOut.hs
+++ b/cardano-cli/src/Cardano/CLI/Compatible/Transaction/TxOut.hs
@@ -139,7 +139,11 @@ readRefScript sbe = \case
   ReferenceScriptAnyEraNone -> pure L.SNothing
   ReferenceScriptAnyEra fp -> do
     script <- readFileScriptInAnyLang fp
-    pure $ maybe L.SNothing (L.SJust . toShelleyScript) (toScriptInEra sbe script)
+    scriptInEra <-
+      fromMaybeCli
+        (TxOutputReferenceScriptLanguageNotSupportedInEra script (anyCardanoEra $ toCardanoEra sbe))
+        $ toScriptInEra sbe script
+    pure . L.SJust $ toShelleyScript scriptInEra
 
 toTxOutValueInShelleyBasedEra
   :: ShelleyBasedEra era
diff --git a/cardano-cli/src/Cardano/CLI/Environment.hs b/cardano-cli/src/Cardano/CLI/Environment.hs
index c7c9503d93..58f90dde5a 100644
--- a/cardano-cli/src/Cardano/CLI/Environment.hs
+++ b/cardano-cli/src/Cardano/CLI/Environment.hs
@@ -14,15 +14,21 @@ where
 
 import Cardano.Api
   ( AnyCardanoEra (..)
-  , CardanoEra (..)
   , NetworkId (..)
   , NetworkMagic (..)
   , forEraMaybeEon
+  , pretty
   )
 import Cardano.Api.Experimental qualified as Exp
 
+import Control.Monad.IO.Class (MonadIO (..))
+import Data.Char (toLower)
+import Data.Foldable (find)
+import Data.List (intercalate)
+import Data.Traversable (forM)
 import Data.Type.Equality
 import Data.Word (Word32)
+import GHC.Stack (HasCallStack)
 import System.Environment qualified as IO
 import System.IO qualified as IO
 import Text.Read (readMaybe)
@@ -84,21 +90,29 @@ getEnvNetworkId = do
 getEnvSocketPath :: IO (Maybe FilePath)
 getEnvSocketPath = IO.lookupEnv "CARDANO_NODE_SOCKET_PATH"
 
--- | If the environment variable @CARDANO_ERA@ is set, then return the set value.
+-- | If the environment variable @CARDANO_ERA@ is set to a known era, then return that era.
+-- If it is set to an unknown era, fail with an error listing the valid eras.
 -- Otherwise, return 'Nothing'.
-getCardanoEra :: IO (Maybe AnyCardanoEra)
+getCardanoEra :: (HasCallStack, MonadIO m) => m (Maybe AnyCardanoEra)
 getCardanoEra = do
-  mEraString <- IO.lookupEnv "CARDANO_ERA"
+  mEraString <- liftIO $ IO.lookupEnv "CARDANO_ERA"
+  forM mEraString $ \eraString ->
+    maybe (error $ invalidEraMessage eraString) pure $ parseCardanoEra eraString
+ where
+  invalidEraMessage :: String -> String
+  invalidEraMessage eraString =
+    mconcat
+      [ "The era specified in CARDANO_ERA is invalid: " <> eraString <> "."
+      , " It should be one of: " <> intercalate ", " (cardanoEraName <$> allCardanoEras) <> "."
+      ]
 
-  case mEraString of
-    Just eraString ->
-      case eraString of
-        "byron" -> pure $ Just $ AnyCardanoEra ByronEra
-        "shelley" -> pure $ Just $ AnyCardanoEra ShelleyEra
-        "allegra" -> pure $ Just $ AnyCardanoEra AllegraEra
-        "mary" -> pure $ Just $ AnyCardanoEra MaryEra
-        "alonzo" -> pure $ Just $ AnyCardanoEra AlonzoEra
-        "babbage" -> pure $ Just $ AnyCardanoEra BabbageEra
-        "conway" -> pure $ Just $ AnyCardanoEra ConwayEra
-        unknown -> error $ "Unknown era: " <> unknown -- TODO improve error handling
-    Nothing -> pure Nothing
+  -- Parse an era name, ignoring case, using the names that cardano-api renders for its eras.
+  parseCardanoEra :: String -> Maybe AnyCardanoEra
+  parseCardanoEra eraString =
+    find ((== map toLower eraString) . cardanoEraName) allCardanoEras
+
+  allCardanoEras :: [AnyCardanoEra]
+  allCardanoEras = enumFrom minBound
+
+  cardanoEraName :: AnyCardanoEra -> String
+  cardanoEraName = map toLower . show . pretty
diff --git a/cardano-cli/src/Cardano/CLI/EraBased/Option.hs b/cardano-cli/src/Cardano/CLI/EraBased/Option.hs
index 5d9be2fce5..ea7f14667d 100644
--- a/cardano-cli/src/Cardano/CLI/EraBased/Option.hs
+++ b/cardano-cli/src/Cardano/CLI/EraBased/Option.hs
@@ -4,10 +4,12 @@
 module Cardano.CLI.EraBased.Option
   ( pCmds
   , pAnyEraCommand
+  , MainnetEra
   )
 where
 
 import Cardano.Api.Experimental
+import Cardano.Api.Pretty (prettyShow)
 
 import Cardano.CLI.Environment
 import Cardano.CLI.EraBased.Command
@@ -29,6 +31,9 @@ import Data.Maybe
 import Options.Applicative (Parser)
 import Options.Applicative qualified as Opt
 
+-- | The era running on mainnet, used by the latest, top-level node and top-level query commands.
+type MainnetEra = ConwayEra
+
 pCmds :: forall era. IsEra era => EnvCli -> Parser (Cmds era)
 pCmds envCli = do
   asum $
@@ -59,6 +64,7 @@ pAnyEraCommand envCli =
             Opt.progDesc "Dijkstra era commands"
     , Opt.hsubparser $
         commandWithMetavar "latest" $
-          Opt.info (AnyEraCommandOf ConwayEra <$> pCmds @ConwayEra envCli) $
-            Opt.progDesc "Latest era commands (Conway)"
+          Opt.info (AnyEraCommandOf (useEra @MainnetEra) <$> pCmds @MainnetEra envCli) $
+            Opt.progDesc $
+              "Latest era commands (" <> prettyShow (useEra @MainnetEra) <> ")"
     ]
diff --git a/cardano-cli/src/Cardano/CLI/EraBased/Transaction/Run.hs b/cardano-cli/src/Cardano/CLI/EraBased/Transaction/Run.hs
index 831320d89d..aef33e5c08 100644
--- a/cardano-cli/src/Cardano/CLI/EraBased/Transaction/Run.hs
+++ b/cardano-cli/src/Cardano/CLI/EraBased/Transaction/Run.hs
@@ -1530,12 +1530,9 @@ runTransactionPolicyIdCmd
   -> CIO e ()
 runTransactionPolicyIdCmd
   Cmd.TransactionPolicyIdCmdArgs
-    { scriptFile = File sFile
-    } = do
-    script <-
-      readAnyScript @_ @ConwayEra sFile
-    let hash = fromShelleyScriptHash $ Exp.hashAnyScript script
-    liftIO . Text.putStrLn $ serialiseToRawBytesHexText hash
+    { scriptFile
+    } =
+    liftIO . Text.putStrLn . serialiseToRawBytesHexText =<< readAnyScriptHash scriptFile
 
 -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 -- Other misc small commands
diff --git a/cardano-cli/src/Cardano/CLI/EraIndependent/Address/Run.hs b/cardano-cli/src/Cardano/CLI/EraIndependent/Address/Run.hs
index 4012f01619..88f94be2b8 100644
--- a/cardano-cli/src/Cardano/CLI/EraIndependent/Address/Run.hs
+++ b/cardano-cli/src/Cardano/CLI/EraIndependent/Address/Run.hs
@@ -17,14 +17,12 @@ module Cardano.CLI.EraIndependent.Address.Run
 where
 
 import Cardano.Api
-import Cardano.Api.Experimental.AnyScript qualified as Exp
 
 import Cardano.CLI.Compatible.Exception
 import Cardano.CLI.EraIndependent.Address.Command
 import Cardano.CLI.EraIndependent.Address.Info.Run
 import Cardano.CLI.EraIndependent.Key.Run qualified as Key
 import Cardano.CLI.Read
-import Cardano.CLI.Read qualified as Exp
 import Cardano.CLI.Type.Common
 import Cardano.CLI.Type.Error.AddressCmdError
 import Cardano.CLI.Type.Key
@@ -40,6 +38,7 @@ import Cardano.CLI.Type.Key
 import Control.Monad (void)
 import Data.ByteString.Char8 qualified as BS
 import Data.Function
+import Data.Maybe (fromMaybe)
 import Data.Text.IO qualified as Text
 import Vary (Vary)
 import Vary qualified
@@ -206,15 +205,11 @@ runAddressBuildCmd paymentVerifier mbStakeVerifier nw mOutFp = do
         nonPaymentKey ->
           throwCliError $ AddressCmdExpectedPaymentVerificationKey nonPaymentKey
       return $ serialiseAddress (addr :: AddressAny)
-    PaymentVerifierScriptFile (File fp) -> do
-      script <-
-        readAnyScript @_ @ConwayEra fp
-
-      let hash = fromShelleyScriptHash $ Exp.hashAnyScript script
-          payCred = PaymentCredentialByScript hash
+    PaymentVerifierScriptFile scriptFile -> do
+      payCred <- PaymentCredentialByScript <$> readAnyScriptHash scriptFile
 
       stakeAddressReference <-
-        maybe (return NoStakeAddress) makeStakeAddressRef mbStakeVerifier
+        fromMaybe NoStakeAddress <$> traverse makeStakeAddressRef mbStakeVerifier
 
       return $ serialiseAddress . makeShelleyAddress nw payCred $ stakeAddressReference
 
@@ -233,14 +228,8 @@ makeStakeAddressRef stakeIdentifier =
           stakeVKeyHash <-
             readVerificationKeyOrHashOrFile stkVkeyOrFile
           return . StakeAddressByValue $ StakeCredentialByKey stakeVKeyHash
-        StakeVerifierScriptFile (File fp) -> do
-          script <-
-            Exp.readAnyScript @_ @ConwayEra fp
-
-          let hash = fromShelleyScriptHash $ Exp.hashAnyScript script
-              stakeCred = StakeCredentialByScript hash
-
-          return (StakeAddressByValue stakeCred)
+        StakeVerifierScriptFile scriptFile ->
+          StakeAddressByValue . StakeCredentialByScript <$> readAnyScriptHash scriptFile
     StakeIdentifierAddress stakeAddr ->
       pure $ StakeAddressByValue $ stakeAddressCredential stakeAddr
 
@@ -251,4 +240,5 @@ buildShelleyAddress
   -> CIO e (Address ShelleyAddr)
 buildShelleyAddress vkey mbStakeVerifier nw =
   makeShelleyAddress nw (PaymentCredentialByKey (verificationKeyHash vkey))
-    <$> maybe (return NoStakeAddress) makeStakeAddressRef mbStakeVerifier
+    . fromMaybe NoStakeAddress
+    <$> traverse makeStakeAddressRef mbStakeVerifier
diff --git a/cardano-cli/src/Cardano/CLI/EraIndependent/Hash/Run.hs b/cardano-cli/src/Cardano/CLI/EraIndependent/Hash/Run.hs
index 2424002568..d56398571e 100644
--- a/cardano-cli/src/Cardano/CLI/EraIndependent/Hash/Run.hs
+++ b/cardano-cli/src/Cardano/CLI/EraIndependent/Hash/Run.hs
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ module Cardano.CLI.EraIndependent.Hash.Run
 where
 
 import Cardano.Api
-import Cardano.Api.Experimental.AnyScript qualified as Exp
 import Cardano.Api.Ledger qualified as L
 
 import Cardano.CLI.Compatible.Exception
@@ -88,15 +87,12 @@ runHashScriptCmd
   :: forall e
    . Cmd.HashScriptCmdArgs
   -> CIO e ()
-runHashScriptCmd Cmd.HashScriptCmdArgs{Cmd.toHash = File toHash, mOutFile} =
+runHashScriptCmd Cmd.HashScriptCmdArgs{Cmd.toHash, mOutFile} =
   do
-    script <-
-      readAnyScript @_ @DijkstraEra toHash
-    let hash = Exp.hashAnyScript script
+    hash <- readAnyScriptHash toHash
     fromEitherIOCli @(FileError ()) $
       writeTextOutput mOutFile $
-        serialiseToRawBytesHexText $
-          fromShelleyScriptHash hash
+        serialiseToRawBytesHexText hash
 
 runHashGenesisFile :: GenesisFile -> CIO e ()
 runHashGenesisFile (GenesisFile fpath) = do
diff --git a/cardano-cli/src/Cardano/CLI/Option.hs b/cardano-cli/src/Cardano/CLI/Option.hs
index 328f78722f..743ccf2d75 100644
--- a/cardano-cli/src/Cardano/CLI/Option.hs
+++ b/cardano-cli/src/Cardano/CLI/Option.hs
@@ -8,8 +8,6 @@ module Cardano.CLI.Option
   )
 where
 
-import Cardano.Api.Experimental (ConwayEra)
-
 import Cardano.CLI.Byron.Parser (backwardsCompatibilityCommands, parseByronCommands)
 import Cardano.CLI.Compatible.Option
 import Cardano.CLI.Environment (EnvCli)
@@ -61,14 +59,14 @@ addressCmdsTopLevel envCli = AddressCommand <$> pAddressCmds envCli
 -- The node related commands are shelley era agnostic for the time being.
 -- There is no need to guard them by the era argument.
 nodeCmdsTopLevel :: Parser ClientCommand
-nodeCmdsTopLevel = NodeCommands <$> pNodeCmds @ConwayEra
+nodeCmdsTopLevel = NodeCommands <$> pNodeCmds @MainnetEra
 
 -- Queries actually depend on the node to client version which may coincide
 -- with a hardfork but not necessarily. We will expose commands at the top level
 -- regardless if they are compatible with the era or not. The help text should be
 -- updated to make this clear. Gating commands behind eras
 queryCmdsTopLevel :: EnvCli -> Parser ClientCommand
-queryCmdsTopLevel envCli = QueryCommands @ConwayEra <$> pQueryCmdsTopLevel envCli
+queryCmdsTopLevel envCli = QueryCommands @MainnetEra <$> pQueryCmdsTopLevel envCli
 
 keyCmdsTopLevel :: Parser ClientCommand
 keyCmdsTopLevel = KeyCommands <$> pKeyCmds
diff --git a/cardano-cli/src/Cardano/CLI/Read.hs b/cardano-cli/src/Cardano/CLI/Read.hs
index ece394ef91..4fe381577d 100644
--- a/cardano-cli/src/Cardano/CLI/Read.hs
+++ b/cardano-cli/src/Cardano/CLI/Read.hs
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ module Cardano.CLI.Read
     -- * Script
   , ScriptDecodeError (..)
   , readAnyScript
+  , readAnyScriptHash
   , deserialiseScriptInAnyLang
   , readFileScriptInAnyLang
   , PlutusScriptDecodeError (..)
@@ -200,6 +201,15 @@ readVerificationKeySource extractHash = \case
   VksKeyHashFile vKeyOrHashOrFile ->
     L.KeyHashObj . extractHash <$> readVerificationKeyOrHashOrTextEnvFile vKeyOrHashOrFile
 
+-- | Reads the script in cardano-api's newest era, so every script language decodes.
+-- Returns only the era-independent script hash.
+readAnyScriptHash :: MonadIO m => ScriptFile -> m ScriptHash
+readAnyScriptHash scriptFile =
+  case maxBound of
+    Exp.Some (era :: Exp.Era era) ->
+      Exp.obtainCommonConstraints era $
+        fromShelleyScriptHash . Exp.hashAnyScript <$> readAnyScript @_ @era (unFile scriptFile)
+
 readAnyScript
   :: forall m era
    . (MonadIO m, Exp.IsEra era)
diff --git a/cardano-cli/test/cardano-cli-golden/Test/Golden/Conway/Transaction/ReferenceScript.hs b/cardano-cli/test/cardano-cli-golden/Test/Golden/Conway/Transaction/ReferenceScript.hs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..573abc64e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cardano-cli/test/cardano-cli-golden/Test/Golden/Conway/Transaction/ReferenceScript.hs
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+{-# LANGUAGE OverloadedStrings #-}
+
+module Test.Golden.Conway.Transaction.ReferenceScript where
+
+import GHC.IO.Exception (ExitCode (ExitFailure))
+
+import Test.Cardano.CLI.Util
+
+import Hedgehog (Property, (===))
+import Hedgehog.Extras.Test qualified as H
+
+-- A reference script in a Plutus language the era does not support must fail
+-- the command instead of being silently dropped from the output.
+
+-- | Execute me with:
+-- @cabal test cardano-cli-golden --test-options '-p "/golden conway build raw reference script unsupported language/"'@
+hprop_golden_conway_build_raw_reference_script_unsupported_language :: Property
+hprop_golden_conway_build_raw_reference_script_unsupported_language =
+  watchdogProp . propertyOnce . H.moduleWorkspace "tmp" $ \tempDir -> do
+    outFile <- noteTempFile tempDir "out.json"
+
+    (exitCode, _stdout, stderr) <-
+      execDetailCardanoCLI
+        [ "conway"
+        , "transaction"
+        , "build-raw"
+        , "--tx-in"
+        , "f62cd7bc15d8c6d2c8519fb8d13c57c0157ab6bab50af62bc63706feb966393d#0"
+        , "--tx-out"
+        , "addr_test1qpmxr8d8jcl25kyz2tz9a9sxv7jxglhddyf475045y8j3zxjcg9vquzkljyfn3rasfwwlkwu7hhm59gzxmsyxf3w9dps8832xh+5000000"
+        , "--tx-out-reference-script-file"
+        , "test/cardano-cli-golden/files/input/dijkstra/plutus/v4-always-succeeds.plutus"
+        , "--fee"
+        , "166777"
+        , "--out-file"
+        , outFile
+        ]
+
+    exitCode === ExitFailure 1
+
+    H.diffVsGoldenFileExcludeTrace
+      stderr
+      "test/cardano-cli-golden/files/golden/conway/transaction/build-raw-reference-script-unsupported-language.out"
diff --git a/cardano-cli/test/cardano-cli-golden/Test/Golden/Dijkstra/Transaction/BuildRaw.hs b/cardano-cli/test/cardano-cli-golden/Test/Golden/Dijkstra/Transaction/BuildRaw.hs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7a67a2fdd1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cardano-cli/test/cardano-cli-golden/Test/Golden/Dijkstra/Transaction/BuildRaw.hs
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+{-# LANGUAGE OverloadedStrings #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE TypeApplications #-}
+
+module Test.Golden.Dijkstra.Transaction.BuildRaw where
+
+import Cardano.Api.Experimental qualified as Exp
+import Cardano.Api.Ledger qualified as L
+
+import Control.Monad (void)
+import Data.Aeson qualified as Aeson
+
+import Test.Cardano.CLI.Util
+
+import Hedgehog (Property)
+import Hedgehog qualified as H
+import Hedgehog.Extras.Test qualified as H
+
+-- A Plutus V4 script file must work as a direct witness for every script purpose.
+-- Regression test for https://github.com/IntersectMBO/cardano-cli/issues/1448
+
+-- | Execute me with:
+-- @cabal test cardano-cli-golden --test-options '-p "/golden dijkstra build raw plutus v4 script witnesses/"'@
+hprop_golden_dijkstra_build_raw_plutus_v4_script_witnesses :: Property
+hprop_golden_dijkstra_build_raw_plutus_v4_script_witnesses =
+  watchdogProp . propertyOnce . H.moduleWorkspace "tmp" $ \tempDir -> do
+    pparamsFile <- noteTempFile tempDir "protocol-params.json"
+    proposalFile <- noteTempFile tempDir "info.action"
+    txBodyFile <- noteTempFile tempDir "tx-body"
+
+    let v4Script = "test/cardano-cli-golden/files/input/dijkstra/plutus/v4-always-succeeds.plutus"
+        v4ScriptHash = "31a78786b5989dc6fd2d4ab15b297069e94106ecacceb8eb29e1b681"
+
+    -- build-raw does not evaluate scripts, so empty protocol parameters suffice.
+    H.evalIO . Aeson.encodeFile pparamsFile . L.PParams $
+      L.emptyPParamsIdentity @(Exp.LedgerEra Exp.DijkstraEra)
+
+    void $
+      execCardanoCLI
+        [ "dijkstra"
+        , "governance"
+        , "action"
+        , "create-info"
+        , "--testnet"
+        , "--governance-action-deposit"
+        , "12345"
+        , "--deposit-return-stake-verification-key-file"
+        , "test/cardano-cli-golden/files/input/governance/stake-address.vkey"
+        , "--anchor-url"
+        , "https://example.com"
+        , "--anchor-data-hash"
+        , "52e69500a92d80f2126c836a4903dc582006709f004cf7a28ed648f732dff8d2"
+        , "--out-file"
+        , proposalFile
+        ]
+
+    void $
+      execCardanoCLI
+        [ "dijkstra"
+        , "transaction"
+        , "build-raw"
+        , "--tx-in"
+        , "fe5dd07fb576bff960d6e066eade5b26cdb5afebe29f76ea58d0a098bce5d891#200"
+        , "--tx-in-script-file"
+        , v4Script
+        , "--tx-in-datum-value"
+        , "24"
+        , "--tx-in-redeemer-value"
+        , "42"
+        , "--tx-in-execution-units"
+        , "(100,110)"
+        , "--mint"
+        , "1000 " <> v4ScriptHash
+        , "--mint-script-file"
+        , v4Script
+        , "--mint-redeemer-value"
+        , "42"
+        , "--mint-execution-units"
+        , "(100,110)"
+        , "--withdrawal"
+        , "stake_test17qvxuvh64q9zdqgrjt76d42eclk5wgdxtnsun4808cwg0dqxv5r99+10000"
+        , "--withdrawal-script-file"
+        , v4Script
+        , "--withdrawal-redeemer-value"
+        , "83"
+        , "--withdrawal-execution-units"
+        , "(100,110)"
+        , "--certificate-file"
+        , "test/cardano-cli-golden/files/input/stake-address-registration.json"
+        , "--certificate-script-file"
+        , v4Script
+        , "--certificate-redeemer-value"
+        , "63"
+        , "--certificate-execution-units"
+        , "(100,110)"
+        , "--vote-file"
+        , "test/cardano-cli-golden/files/input/conway/vote1.drep.json"
+        , "--vote-script-file"
+        , v4Script
+        , "--vote-redeemer-value"
+        , "1"
+        , "--vote-execution-units"
+        , "(100,110)"
+        , "--proposal-file"
+        , proposalFile
+        , "--proposal-script-file"
+        , v4Script
+        , "--proposal-redeemer-value"
+        , "1"
+        , "--proposal-execution-units"
+        , "(100,110)"
+        , "--tx-out"
+        , "addr_test1vp0t4dfa9ktc2uvv7sg9leafuhtwyu0xcj4q4kf5pqkpjwqhklklg+15000000"
+        , "--fee"
+        , "200000"
+        , "--protocol-params-file"
+        , pparamsFile
+        , "--out-file"
+        , txBodyFile
+        ]
+
+    result <-
+      execCardanoCLI
+        ["debug", "transaction", "view", "--tx-body-file", txBodyFile, "--output-yaml"]
+    H.diffVsGoldenFile
+      result
+      "test/cardano-cli-golden/files/golden/dijkstra/transaction/build-raw-plutus-v4-script-witnesses.out"
diff --git a/cardano-cli/test/cardano-cli-golden/Test/Golden/Hash/Hash.hs b/cardano-cli/test/cardano-cli-golden/Test/Golden/Hash/Hash.hs
index ec8e40f3db..96f682e400 100644
--- a/cardano-cli/test/cardano-cli-golden/Test/Golden/Hash/Hash.hs
+++ b/cardano-cli/test/cardano-cli-golden/Test/Golden/Hash/Hash.hs
@@ -25,3 +25,25 @@ hprop_golden_governance_hash_script =
         ]
 
     H.diffFileVsGoldenFile hashFile hashGold
+
+-- Check that `hash script` can hash a Plutus V4 script envelope.
+-- Regression test for https://github.com/IntersectMBO/cardano-cli/issues/1448
+hprop_golden_hash_script_plutus_v4 :: Property
+hprop_golden_hash_script_plutus_v4 =
+  watchdogProp . H.propertyOnce . H.moduleWorkspace "tmp" $ \tempDir -> do
+    scriptFile <-
+      noteInputFile "test/cardano-cli-golden/files/input/dijkstra/plutus/v4-always-succeeds.plutus"
+    hashFile <- H.noteTempFile tempDir "v4-always-succeeds.hash"
+    hashGold <- H.note "test/cardano-cli-golden/files/golden/dijkstra/plutus/v4-always-succeeds.hash"
+
+    void $
+      execCardanoCLI
+        [ "hash"
+        , "script"
+        , "--script-file"
+        , scriptFile
+        , "--out-file"
+        , hashFile
+        ]
+
+    H.diffFileVsGoldenFile hashFile hashGold
diff --git a/cardano-cli/test/cardano-cli-golden/Test/Golden/Shelley/Address/Build.hs b/cardano-cli/test/cardano-cli-golden/Test/Golden/Shelley/Address/Build.hs
index a8787cd0ce..29357790f9 100644
--- a/cardano-cli/test/cardano-cli-golden/Test/Golden/Shelley/Address/Build.hs
+++ b/cardano-cli/test/cardano-cli-golden/Test/Golden/Shelley/Address/Build.hs
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import Test.Cardano.CLI.Util as OP
 import Hedgehog (Property)
 import Hedgehog.Extras.Test.Base qualified as H
 import Hedgehog.Extras.Test.File qualified as H
+import Hedgehog.Extras.Test.Golden qualified as H
 
 hprop_golden_shelleyAddressBuild :: Property
 hprop_golden_shelleyAddressBuild =
@@ -65,3 +66,45 @@ hprop_golden_shelleyAddressBuild =
     H.writeFile enterpriseAddressHexFile enterpriseAddressText
 
     equivalence enterpriseAddressText goldenEnterpriseAddressHex
+
+-- Regression tests for https://github.com/IntersectMBO/cardano-cli/issues/1448
+hprop_golden_addressBuildPlutusV4PaymentScript :: Property
+hprop_golden_addressBuildPlutusV4PaymentScript =
+  watchdogProp . propertyOnce $ do
+    address <-
+      execCardanoCLI
+        [ "latest"
+        , "address"
+        , "build"
+        , "--testnet-magic"
+        , "14"
+        , "--payment-script-file"
+        , plutusV4ScriptFile
+        ]
+
+    H.diffVsGoldenFile
+      address
+      "test/cardano-cli-golden/files/golden/dijkstra/address/build-payment-script-v4.addr"
+
+hprop_golden_addressBuildPlutusV4StakeScript :: Property
+hprop_golden_addressBuildPlutusV4StakeScript =
+  watchdogProp . propertyOnce $ do
+    address <-
+      execCardanoCLI
+        [ "latest"
+        , "address"
+        , "build"
+        , "--testnet-magic"
+        , "14"
+        , "--payment-verification-key-file"
+        , "test/cardano-cli-golden/files/input/shelley/keys/payment_keys/verification_key"
+        , "--stake-script-file"
+        , plutusV4ScriptFile
+        ]
+
+    H.diffVsGoldenFile
+      address
+      "test/cardano-cli-golden/files/golden/dijkstra/address/build-stake-script-v4.addr"
+
+plutusV4ScriptFile :: FilePath
+plutusV4ScriptFile = "test/cardano-cli-golden/files/input/dijkstra/plutus/v4-always-succeeds.plutus"
diff --git a/cardano-cli/test/cardano-cli-golden/Test/Golden/Shelley/Transaction/Build.hs b/cardano-cli/test/cardano-cli-golden/Test/Golden/Shelley/Transaction/Build.hs
index 43ddf1f5be..5aeb4a132e 100644
--- a/cardano-cli/test/cardano-cli-golden/Test/Golden/Shelley/Transaction/Build.hs
+++ b/cardano-cli/test/cardano-cli-golden/Test/Golden/Shelley/Transaction/Build.hs
@@ -83,6 +83,25 @@ hprop_golden_shelley_transaction_build_minting =
     goldenFile <- H.note "test/cardano-cli-golden/files/golden/shelley/build-raw-tx-body-out-3.json"
     H.diffFileVsGoldenFile txBodyOutFile goldenFile
 
+-- The policy id of a Plutus V4 script is its script hash.
+-- Regression test for https://github.com/IntersectMBO/cardano-cli/issues/1448
+hprop_golden_transaction_policyid_plutus_v4 :: Property
+hprop_golden_transaction_policyid_plutus_v4 =
+  watchdogProp . propertyOnce $ do
+    policyId <-
+      execCardanoCLI
+        [ "latest"
+        , "transaction"
+        , "policyid"
+        , "--script-file"
+        , "test/cardano-cli-golden/files/input/dijkstra/plutus/v4-always-succeeds.plutus"
+        ]
+
+    scriptHash <-
+      H.readFile "test/cardano-cli-golden/files/golden/dijkstra/plutus/v4-always-succeeds.hash"
+
+    equivalence (filter (/= '\n') policyId) scriptHash
+
 hprop_golden_shelley_transaction_build_withdrawal_script_witnessed :: Property
 hprop_golden_shelley_transaction_build_withdrawal_script_witnessed =
   watchdogProp . propertyOnce $ H.moduleWorkspace "tmp" $ \tempDir -> do
diff --git a/cardano-cli/test/cardano-cli-golden/files/golden/conway/transaction/build-raw-reference-script-unsupported-language.out b/cardano-cli/test/cardano-cli-golden/files/golden/conway/transaction/build-raw-reference-script-unsupported-language.out
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..81a0e7d9f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cardano-cli/test/cardano-cli-golden/files/golden/conway/transaction/build-raw-reference-script-unsupported-language.out
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Command failed: transaction build-raw
+Error: Reference script language PlutusV4 is not supported in the Conway era.
diff --git a/cardano-cli/test/cardano-cli-golden/files/golden/dijkstra/address/build-payment-script-v4.addr b/cardano-cli/test/cardano-cli-golden/files/golden/dijkstra/address/build-payment-script-v4.addr
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cfaf21fb02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cardano-cli/test/cardano-cli-golden/files/golden/dijkstra/address/build-payment-script-v4.addr
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+addr_test1wqc60puxkkvfm3ha949tzkefwp57jsgxajkvaw8t98smdqghg77g0
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/cardano-cli/test/cardano-cli-golden/files/golden/dijkstra/address/build-stake-script-v4.addr b/cardano-cli/test/cardano-cli-golden/files/golden/dijkstra/address/build-stake-script-v4.addr
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c02708bcda
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cardano-cli/test/cardano-cli-golden/files/golden/dijkstra/address/build-stake-script-v4.addr
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+addr_test1ypfqwx0t6v5d80f6gqaznkk676vph0wmt68lfera8am87f3357rcddvcnhr06t22k9djjurfa9qsdm9ve6uwk20pk6qsjutxhj
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/cardano-cli/test/cardano-cli-golden/files/golden/dijkstra/plutus/v4-always-succeeds.hash b/cardano-cli/test/cardano-cli-golden/files/golden/dijkstra/plutus/v4-always-succeeds.hash
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8534ad9b2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cardano-cli/test/cardano-cli-golden/files/golden/dijkstra/plutus/v4-always-succeeds.hash
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+31a78786b5989dc6fd2d4ab15b297069e94106ecacceb8eb29e1b681
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/cardano-cli/test/cardano-cli-golden/files/golden/dijkstra/transaction/build-raw-plutus-v4-script-witnesses.out b/cardano-cli/test/cardano-cli-golden/files/golden/dijkstra/transaction/build-raw-plutus-v4-script-witnesses.out
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..60db910a31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cardano-cli/test/cardano-cli-golden/files/golden/dijkstra/transaction/build-raw-plutus-v4-script-witnesses.out
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+auxiliary scripts: null
+certificates:
+- Stake address registration:
+    deposit: 2000000
+    stake credential:
+      keyHash: 81b4245f84593f63c0ff2296930254f77a0690fa9de5f969cac27cb0
+collateral inputs: []
+currentTreasuryValue: null
+datums:
+- datum: I 24
+  datum hash: df5078aee07dd171a343fb99d5fc1b5462fb3c94d82bf72dc1b77d9c0aceec29
+era: Dijkstra
+fee: 200000 Lovelace
+governance actions:
+- anchor:
+    dataHash: 52e69500a92d80f2126c836a4903dc582006709f004cf7a28ed648f732dff8d2
+    url: https://example.com
+  deposit: 12345
+  governance action:
+    tag: InfoAction
+  return address:
+    credential:
+      keyHash: 8f4a3466a404c11eb410313015b88e447d81b60089e25f611600e605
+    network: Testnet
+inputs:
+- fe5dd07fb576bff960d6e066eade5b26cdb5afebe29f76ea58d0a098bce5d891#200
+metadata: null
+mint:
+  policy 31a78786b5989dc6fd2d4ab15b297069e94106ecacceb8eb29e1b681:
+    default asset: 1000
+outputs:
+- address: addr_test1vp0t4dfa9ktc2uvv7sg9leafuhtwyu0xcj4q4kf5pqkpjwqhklklg
+  address era: Shelley
+  amount:
+    lovelace: 15000000
+  datum: null
+  network: Testnet
+  payment credential key hash: 5ebab53d2d9785718cf4105fe7a9e5d6e271e6c4aa0ad934082c1938
+  reference script: null
+  stake reference: null
+redeemers:
+- purpose:
+    spending script witnessed input: fe5dd07fb576bff960d6e066eade5b26cdb5afebe29f76ea58d0a098bce5d891#200
+  redeemer:
+    data: I 42
+    execution units:
+      memory: 110
+      steps: 100
+- purpose:
+    minting currency with policy id: 31a78786b5989dc6fd2d4ab15b297069e94106ecacceb8eb29e1b681
+  redeemer:
+    data: I 42
+    execution units:
+      memory: 110
+      steps: 100
+- purpose:
+    validating certificate with script credentials:
+      credential:
+        keyHash: 81b4245f84593f63c0ff2296930254f77a0690fa9de5f969cac27cb0
+      deposit: 2000000
+      kind: RegCert
+  redeemer:
+    data: I 63
+    execution units:
+      memory: 110
+      steps: 100
+- purpose:
+    withdrawing reward from script address:
+      credential:
+        scriptHash: 186e32faa80a26810392fda6d559c7ed4721a65ce1c9d4ef3e1c87b4
+      network: Testnet
+  redeemer:
+    data: I 83
+    execution units:
+      memory: 110
+      steps: 100
+- purpose:
+    voting using script protected voter credentials:
+      contents:
+        keyHash: 8f4fefcf28017a57b41517a67d56ef4c0dc04181a11d35178dd53f4c
+      tag: DRepVoter
+  redeemer:
+    data: I 1
+    execution units:
+      memory: 110
+      steps: 100
+- purpose:
+    submitting a proposal following proposal policy:
+      anchor:
+        dataHash: 52e69500a92d80f2126c836a4903dc582006709f004cf7a28ed648f732dff8d2
+        url: https://example.com
+      deposit: 12345
+      govAction:
+        tag: InfoAction
+      returnAddr:
+        credential:
+          keyHash: 8f4a3466a404c11eb410313015b88e447d81b60089e25f611600e605
+        network: Testnet
+  redeemer:
+    data: I 1
+    execution units:
+      memory: 110
+      steps: 100
+reference inputs: []
+required signers (payment key hashes needed for scripts): null
+return collateral: null
+scripts:
+- script data:
+    plutus version: PlutusV4
+    script: '46450101002499'
+    type: plutus
+  script hash: 31a78786b5989dc6fd2d4ab15b297069e94106ecacceb8eb29e1b681
+total collateral: null
+treasuryDonation: 0
+validity range:
+  lower bound: null
+  upper bound: null
+voters:
+  drep-keyHash-8f4fefcf28017a57b41517a67d56ef4c0dc04181a11d35178dd53f4c:
+    704e5c60c51dd0f3732991980b273402fbad0581c3407d682f8ea5b808a530fc#0:
+      anchor: null
+      decision: VoteYes
+withdrawals:
+- address: stake_test17qvxuvh64q9zdqgrjt76d42eclk5wgdxtnsun4808cwg0dqxv5r99
+  amount: 10000 Lovelace
+  network: Testnet
+  stake credential script hash: 186e32faa80a26810392fda6d559c7ed4721a65ce1c9d4ef3e1c87b4
diff --git a/cardano-cli/test/cardano-cli-golden/files/input/dijkstra/plutus/v4-always-succeeds.plutus b/cardano-cli/test/cardano-cli-golden/files/input/dijkstra/plutus/v4-always-succeeds.plutus
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..43cc31ebed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cardano-cli/test/cardano-cli-golden/files/input/dijkstra/plutus/v4-always-succeeds.plutus
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+{
+    "type": "PlutusScriptV4",
+    "description": "Always succeeds",
+    "cborHex": "46450101002499"
+}