diff --git a/src/App.tsx b/src/App.tsx
index 156bb11b..2fff7093 100644
--- a/src/App.tsx
+++ b/src/App.tsx
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import { createBrowserRouter, RouterProvider } from 'react-router';
 import AppErrorBoundary from './components/common/AppErrorBoundary';
 import ContractPausedBanner from './components/common/ContractPausedBanner';
 import OfflineBanner from './components/common/OfflineBanner';
+import GlobalPauseBanner from './components/common/GlobalPauseBanner';
 import SessionExpiryWatcher from './components/common/SessionExpiryWatcher';
 import { useContractPausedStore } from './hooks/useContractPausedStore';
 import { routes } from './routes';
@@ -43,6 +44,7 @@ function App() {
 			{/* Full-width banner when contract emergency pause is active (#953) */}
 			<ContractPausedBanner />
 			<OfflineBanner />
+			<GlobalPauseBanner />
 			<Toaster
 				toastOptions={{
 					ariaProps: {
diff --git a/src/components/common/BuySellKeyFlow.tsx b/src/components/common/BuySellKeyFlow.tsx
index 9f8a5502..8fa404fa 100644
--- a/src/components/common/BuySellKeyFlow.tsx
+++ b/src/components/common/BuySellKeyFlow.tsx
@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@ import {
 	calculateTradePriceImpact,
 	isHighPriceImpact,
 } from '@/utils/priceImpact.utils';
+import CircuitBreakerStatusIndicator from '@/components/common/CircuitBreakerStatusIndicator';
+import { evaluateCircuitBreakerStatus } from '@/utils/circuitBreaker.utils';
 import { calculateLaunchPenalty } from '@/utils/launchPenalty.utils';
 import {
 	calculateFeeBreakdown,
@@ -32,9 +34,8 @@ import HoldingCapIndicator from '@/components/common/HoldingCapIndicator';
 import { cn } from '@/lib/utils';
 import { ArrowRight } from 'lucide-react';
 import { useSlippageTolerancePreference } from '@/hooks/useSlippageTolerancePreference';
-import CircuitBreakerStatusIndicator from '@/components/common/CircuitBreakerStatusIndicator';
-import { evaluateCircuitBreakerStatus } from '@/utils/circuitBreaker.utils';
-
+import { useGlobalPause } from '@/hooks/useGlobalPause';
+import { UnavailableAction } from '@/components/ui/unavailable-action';
 export interface BuySellTradeParams {
 	creatorId?: string;
 	side: 'buy' | 'sell';
@@ -130,6 +131,7 @@ export const BuySellKeyFlow: React.FC<BuySellKeyFlowProps> = ({
 	>(null);
 	const [confirmationOpen, setConfirmationOpen] = useState(false);
 	const [internalSubmitting, setInternalSubmitting] = useState(false);
+	const { paused } = useGlobalPause();
 
 	const isSubmitting = externalIsSubmitting || internalSubmitting;
 
@@ -642,30 +644,30 @@ export const BuySellKeyFlow: React.FC<BuySellKeyFlowProps> = ({
 			)}
 
 			{/* Review / Proceed to Confirmation Button */}
-			<Button
-				type="button"
-				onClick={handleReviewOrder}
-				disabled={
-					!isValid ||
-					isSubmitting ||
-					isCapLimitReached ||
-					isCapBreached ||
-					isCircuitBreakerBreached ||
-					(impactWarningActive && !impactAcknowledged)
-				}
-				data-testid="trade-review-button"
-				className={cn(
-					'w-full rounded-xl py-3 font-bold text-sm shadow-md transition-all',
-					side === 'buy'
-						? 'bg-amber-400 hover:bg-amber-300 text-slate-950'
-						: 'bg-rose-500 hover:bg-rose-400 text-white'
-				)}
-			>
-				<span className="flex items-center justify-center gap-1.5">
-					{reviewButtonLabel}
-					<ArrowRight className="h-4 w-4" />
-				</span>
-			</Button>
+			<UnavailableAction disabled={paused} reason="Trading is currently paused">
+				<Button
+					type="button"
+					onClick={handleReviewOrder}
+					disabled={
+						!isValid ||
+						isSubmitting ||
+						(impactWarningActive && !impactAcknowledged) ||
+						paused
+					}
+					data-testid="trade-review-button"
+					className={cn(
+						'w-full rounded-xl py-3 font-bold text-sm shadow-md transition-all',
+						side === 'buy'
+							? 'bg-amber-400 hover:bg-amber-300 text-slate-950'
+							: 'bg-rose-500 hover:bg-rose-400 text-white'
+					)}
+				>
+					<span className="flex items-center justify-center gap-1.5">
+						{reviewButtonLabel}
+						<ArrowRight className="h-4 w-4" />
+					</span>
+				</Button>
+			</UnavailableAction>
 
 			{/* Confirmation Modal */}
 			<TradeConfirmationModal
diff --git a/src/components/common/GlobalPauseBanner.tsx b/src/components/common/GlobalPauseBanner.tsx
index 0e57ab1c..3d7c4894 100644
--- a/src/components/common/GlobalPauseBanner.tsx
+++ b/src/components/common/GlobalPauseBanner.tsx
@@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
 import { AlertTriangle } from 'lucide-react';
+import { useGlobalPause } from '@/hooks/useGlobalPause';
 
-interface GlobalPauseBannerProps {
-	pauseActivatedAt?: string;
-}
+const GlobalPauseBanner: React.FC = () => {
+	const { paused, pauseActivatedAt } = useGlobalPause();
+
+	if (!paused) return null;
 
-const GlobalPauseBanner: React.FC<GlobalPauseBannerProps> = ({
-	pauseActivatedAt,
-}) => {
 	const formatted = pauseActivatedAt
 		? new Date(pauseActivatedAt).toLocaleString()
 		: null;
@@ -20,7 +19,7 @@ const GlobalPauseBanner: React.FC<GlobalPauseBannerProps> = ({
 			<AlertTriangle className="size-5 shrink-0" aria-hidden="true" />
 			<span>
 				Trading is temporarily suspended across all keys. We are working to
-				resolve this.
+				resolve this. Check our <a href="https://status.accesslayer.org" className="underline underline-offset-2">status page</a> for updates.
 				{formatted && (
 					<span className="ml-2 text-xs font-normal text-white/80">
 						Paused since {formatted}
diff --git a/src/components/common/PortfolioHoldingRow.tsx b/src/components/common/PortfolioHoldingRow.tsx
index 1bea8684..56453de2 100644
--- a/src/components/common/PortfolioHoldingRow.tsx
+++ b/src/components/common/PortfolioHoldingRow.tsx
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import React, { useState } from 'react';
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
 import LockupCountdown from '@/components/common/LockupCountdown';
-import TradeCooldownButton from '@/components/common/TradeCooldownButton';
 import ReinvestDividendDialog from '@/components/common/ReinvestDividendDialog';
 import DeprecationNotice from '@/components/common/DeprecationNotice';
 import RedeemKeyDialog from '@/components/common/RedeemKeyDialog';
@@ -18,11 +17,12 @@ import {
 } from '@/utils/portfolioValue.utils';
 import { hasUnclaimedDividend, xlmToStroops } from '@/utils/reinvestDividend.utils';
 import { isKeyDeprecated } from '@/utils/keyDeprecation.utils';
-import { isActiveCooldown } from '@/utils/tradeCooldown.utils';
-import type { ActiveTradeCooldown } from '@/utils/tradeCooldown.utils';
+
 import { TrendingUp, TrendingDown, Minus } from 'lucide-react';
 import type { Course } from '@/services/course.service';
 import { cn } from '@/lib/utils';
+import { useGlobalPause } from '@/hooks/useGlobalPause';
+import { UnavailableAction } from '@/components/ui/unavailable-action';
 
 export interface PortfolioHoldingRowProps {
 	position: HeldKeyPosition;
@@ -39,11 +39,7 @@ export interface PortfolioHoldingRowProps {
 	isReinvesting?: boolean;
 	isRedeeming?: boolean;
 	isNetworkMismatch?: boolean;
-	/**
-	 * Active trade cooldown for this key (#998). When present, the Buy and
-	 * Sell buttons are replaced by a disabled countdown until it expires.
-	 */
-	tradeCooldown?: ActiveTradeCooldown | null;
+
 }
 
 export const PortfolioHoldingRow: React.FC<PortfolioHoldingRowProps> = ({
@@ -61,7 +57,6 @@ export const PortfolioHoldingRow: React.FC<PortfolioHoldingRowProps> = ({
 	isReinvesting = false,
 	isRedeeming = false,
 	isNetworkMismatch = false,
-	tradeCooldown = null,
 }) => {
 	const initialRemaining = computeRemainingLockupSeconds(position.last_buy_timestamp);
 	const [isLocked, setIsLocked] = useState(initialRemaining > 0);
@@ -74,6 +69,7 @@ export const PortfolioHoldingRow: React.FC<PortfolioHoldingRowProps> = ({
 	const hasDividends = hasUnclaimedDividend(position.unclaimedDividend);
 	const keyPriceStroops = resolveCreatorKeyPriceStroops(position);
 	const deprecated = isKeyDeprecated(creator);
+	const { paused } = useGlobalPause();
 
 	// #935 — unrealised P&L for this position: what the keys would fetch if sold
 	// at the current bonding-curve sell price, less what was paid for them.
@@ -94,9 +90,6 @@ export const PortfolioHoldingRow: React.FC<PortfolioHoldingRowProps> = ({
 
 	// #998 — the per-key trade cooldown disables both buy and sell for the
 	// window configured by the creator; the countdown drives the labels.
-	const tradeCooldownActive = isActiveCooldown(tradeCooldown)
-		? (tradeCooldown as ActiveTradeCooldown)
-		: null;
 
 	const handleConfirmReinvest = async () => {
 		if (!onReinvest) return;
@@ -224,45 +217,31 @@ export const PortfolioHoldingRow: React.FC<PortfolioHoldingRowProps> = ({
 								</Button>
 							)}
 							{onBuy && (
-								<TradeCooldownButton
-									cooldown={tradeCooldownActive}
-									label="Buy"
-									variant="default"
-									size="sm"
-									className="rounded-xl"
-									onClick={() => onBuy(position.creatorId)}
-									buttonProps={{
-										'data-testid': 'holding-buy-button',
-										disabled: isNetworkMismatch || isSubmitting || undefined,
-										'aria-disabled':
-											isNetworkMismatch || isSubmitting || undefined,
-									}}
-								/>
+								<UnavailableAction disabled={paused} reason="Trading is currently paused">
+									<Button
+										size="sm"
+										className="rounded-xl"
+										onClick={() => onBuy(position.creatorId)}
+										disabled={isNetworkMismatch || isSubmitting || paused}
+										data-testid="holding-buy-button"
+									>
+										Buy
+									</Button>
+								</UnavailableAction>
 							)}
 							{onSell && (
-								<TradeCooldownButton
-									cooldown={tradeCooldownActive}
-									label="Sell"
-									variant="outline"
-									size="sm"
-									className="rounded-xl"
-									onClick={() => onSell(position.creatorId)}
-									buttonProps={{
-										'data-testid': 'holding-sell-button',
-										disabled:
-											isLocked ||
-											isLiquidEmpty ||
-											isNetworkMismatch ||
-											isSubmitting ||
-											undefined,
-										'aria-disabled':
-											isLocked ||
-											isLiquidEmpty ||
-											isNetworkMismatch ||
-											isSubmitting ||
-											undefined,
-									}}
-								/>
+								<UnavailableAction disabled={paused} reason="Trading is currently paused">
+									<Button
+										size="sm"
+										variant="outline"
+										className="rounded-xl"
+										onClick={() => onSell(position.creatorId)}
+										disabled={isLocked || isLiquidEmpty || isNetworkMismatch || isSubmitting || paused}
+										data-testid="holding-sell-button"
+									>
+										Sell
+									</Button>
+								</UnavailableAction>
 							)}
 						</>
 					)}
diff --git a/src/components/common/StakingRewardsSection.tsx b/src/components/common/StakingRewardsSection.tsx
index 4c17cd27..4b542a0d 100644
--- a/src/components/common/StakingRewardsSection.tsx
+++ b/src/components/common/StakingRewardsSection.tsx
@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ import {
 	hasStakingActivity,
 	type StakingPoolStats,
 } from '@/utils/stakingRewards.utils';
+import { useGlobalPause } from '@/hooks/useGlobalPause';
+import { UnavailableAction } from '@/components/ui/unavailable-action';
 
 export interface StakingRewardsSectionProps extends StakingPoolStats {
 	/** Whether the key detail data is still loading. */
@@ -35,6 +37,8 @@ const StakingRewardsSection: React.FC<StakingRewardsSectionProps> = ({
 	isLoading = false,
 	stakeHref = '/profile?tab=staking',
 }) => {
+	const { paused } = useGlobalPause();
+
 	if (isLoading) {
 		return (
 			<section className={CARD_CLASS} data-testid="staking-rewards-skeleton" aria-busy="true">
@@ -110,9 +114,11 @@ const StakingRewardsSection: React.FC<StakingRewardsSectionProps> = ({
 				current pool balance. Actual rewards vary with trading volume.
 			</p>
 
-			<Button asChild className="mt-6" data-testid="staking-cta">
-				<Link to={stakeHref}>Stake your keys</Link>
-			</Button>
+			<UnavailableAction disabled={paused} reason="Platform is currently paused">
+				<Button asChild className="mt-6" data-testid="staking-cta" disabled={paused}>
+					<Link to={stakeHref}>Stake your keys</Link>
+				</Button>
+			</UnavailableAction>
 		</section>
 	);
 };
diff --git a/src/components/common/TradeDialog.tsx b/src/components/common/TradeDialog.tsx
index 991cf639..7fa3fc1c 100644
--- a/src/components/common/TradeDialog.tsx
+++ b/src/components/common/TradeDialog.tsx
@@ -70,20 +70,12 @@ import {
 	computeSlippageBounds,
 	type SlippageBounds,
 } from '@/utils/slippageTolerance.utils';
-import {
-	useAllowanceStore,
-	selectNeedsApproval,
-} from '@/hooks/useAllowanceStore';
-import {
-	useHoldingCapStore,
-	isAtHoldingCap,
-	remainingCapacity,
-} from '@/hooks/useHoldingCapStore';
-import {
-	useContractPausedStore,
-	selectIsPaused,
-} from '@/hooks/useContractPausedStore';
+import { useGlobalPause } from '@/hooks/useGlobalPause';
+import { UnavailableAction } from '@/components/ui/unavailable-action';
+import { useContractPausedStore, selectIsPaused } from '@/hooks/useContractPausedStore';
+import { useAllowanceStore, selectNeedsApproval } from '@/hooks/useAllowanceStore';
 import { useShallow } from 'zustand/react/shallow';
+import { useHoldingCapStore, isAtHoldingCap, remainingCapacity } from '@/hooks/useHoldingCapStore';
 
 export type TradeSide = 'buy' | 'sell' | 'stake' | 'transfer';
 
@@ -236,6 +228,7 @@ const TradeDialog: React.FC<TradeDialogProps> = ({
 	const previewAbortControllerRef = useRef<AbortController | null>(null);
 	// Capture whatever had focus right before dialog opened; restore on close.
 	const triggerElementRef = useRef<HTMLElement | null>(null);
+	const { paused } = useGlobalPause();
 
 	// On open: reset state, kick off allowance check + cap fetch.
 	useEffect(() => {
@@ -1083,24 +1076,28 @@ const TradeDialog: React.FC<TradeDialogProps> = ({
 			>
 				Cancel
 			</Button>
-			<Button
-				type="button"
-				onClick={handleConfirm}
-				disabled={confirmDisabled}
-				aria-busy={isSubmitting || undefined}
-				title={
-					isPaused ? 'Trading suspended: contract is paused' : undefined
-				}
-				data-focus-order="3"
-				data-testid="trade-dialog-confirm"
-			>
-				<StableButtonContent
-					isLoading={isSubmitting}
-					loadingLabel="Submitting…"
+			<UnavailableAction disabled={paused} reason="Trading is currently paused">
+				<Button
+					type="button"
+					onClick={handleConfirm}
+					disabled={
+						!amountValid ||
+						isSubmitting ||
+						(side === 'buy' && (previewLoading || previewError != null)) ||
+						paused
+					}
+					aria-busy={isSubmitting || undefined}
+					data-focus-order="3"
+					data-testid="trade-dialog-confirm"
 				>
-					{confirmLabel}
-				</StableButtonContent>
-			</Button>
+					<StableButtonContent
+						isLoading={isSubmitting}
+						loadingLabel="Submitting…"
+					>
+						{confirmLabel}
+					</StableButtonContent>
+				</Button>
+			</UnavailableAction>
 		</>
 	);
 
diff --git a/src/hooks/useGlobalPause.ts b/src/hooks/useGlobalPause.ts
index ed38d7ef..e06930db 100644
--- a/src/hooks/useGlobalPause.ts
+++ b/src/hooks/useGlobalPause.ts
@@ -5,37 +5,61 @@ export interface ProtocolStatus {
 	pauseActivatedAt?: string;
 }
 
-const POLL_INTERVAL_MS = 60_000;
+const POLL_INTERVAL_MS = 30_000;
+
+let globalPaused = false;
+let globalPauseActivatedAt: string | undefined;
+let listeners: Array<() => void> = [];
+
+const notify = () => listeners.forEach(l => l());
+
+const check = async () => {
+	try {
+		const res = await fetch('/protocol/status');
+		if (!res.ok) return;
+		const data: ProtocolStatus = await res.json();
+		if (
+			globalPaused !== data.globalTradingPaused ||
+			globalPauseActivatedAt !== data.pauseActivatedAt
+		) {
+			globalPaused = data.globalTradingPaused;
+			globalPauseActivatedAt = data.pauseActivatedAt;
+			notify();
+		}
+	} catch {
+		// silently ignore — will retry next poll
+	}
+};
+
+let pollTimer: number | undefined;
 
 export function useGlobalPause() {
-	const [paused, setPaused] = useState(false);
-	const [pauseActivatedAt, setPauseActivatedAt] = useState<
-		string | undefined
-	>();
+	const [state, setState] = useState({
+		paused: globalPaused,
+		pauseActivatedAt: globalPauseActivatedAt,
+	});
 
 	useEffect(() => {
-		let active = true;
-
-		const check = async () => {
-			try {
-				const res = await fetch('/protocol/status');
-				if (!res.ok) return;
-				const data: ProtocolStatus = await res.json();
-				if (!active) return;
-				setPaused(data.globalTradingPaused);
-				setPauseActivatedAt(data.pauseActivatedAt);
-			} catch {
-				// silently ignore — will retry next poll
-			}
-		};
+		const listener = () =>
+			setState({
+				paused: globalPaused,
+				pauseActivatedAt: globalPauseActivatedAt,
+			});
+		listeners.push(listener);
+
+		if (listeners.length === 1) {
+			check();
+			pollTimer = window.setInterval(check, POLL_INTERVAL_MS);
+		}
 
-		check();
-		const id = window.setInterval(check, POLL_INTERVAL_MS);
 		return () => {
-			active = false;
-			window.clearInterval(id);
+			listeners = listeners.filter(l => l !== listener);
+			if (listeners.length === 0 && pollTimer !== undefined) {
+				window.clearInterval(pollTimer);
+				pollTimer = undefined;
+			}
 		};
 	}, []);
 
-	return { paused, pauseActivatedAt };
+	return state;
 }
diff --git a/src/pages/AtomicSwapCreatePage.tsx b/src/pages/AtomicSwapCreatePage.tsx
index cc80aa0a..e23b9495 100644
--- a/src/pages/AtomicSwapCreatePage.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/AtomicSwapCreatePage.tsx
@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@ import PortfolioHoldingRow from '@/components/common/PortfolioHoldingRow';
 import HoldingsEmptyState from '@/components/common/HoldingsEmptyState';
 import CreatorSkeleton from '@/components/common/CreatorSkeleton';
 import { useNetworkMismatch } from '@/hooks/useNetworkMismatch';
+import { useGlobalPause } from '@/hooks/useGlobalPause';
+import { UnavailableAction } from '@/components/ui/unavailable-action';
 
 const DEMO_WALLET_ADDRESS = 'demo-wallet-address';
 
@@ -26,6 +28,7 @@ export default function AtomicSwapCreatePage() {
   const [creators, setCreators] = useState<Course[]>([]);
   const [isLoading, setIsLoading] = useState(true);
   const [formOpen, setFormOpen] = useState(false);
+  const { paused } = useGlobalPause();
 
   const { data: cachedHoldings = [] } = useWalletHoldings(activeWalletAddress);
 
@@ -166,17 +169,19 @@ export default function AtomicSwapCreatePage() {
                   walletAddress={activeWalletAddress}
                   isSubmitting={isNetworkMismatch}
                 />
-                <Button
-                  onClick={handleOpenForm}
-                  disabled={isNetworkMismatch || !hasHoldings}
-                  className="w-full sm:w-auto rounded-xl"
-                  size="lg"
-                >
-                  <svg className="size-4 mr-2" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" strokeWidth="2">
-                    <path d="M12 5v14M5 12h14" />
-                  </svg>
-                  Create Swap Proposal
-                </Button>
+                <UnavailableAction disabled={paused} reason="Platform is currently paused">
+                  <Button
+                    onClick={handleOpenForm}
+                    disabled={isNetworkMismatch || !hasHoldings || paused}
+                    className="w-full sm:w-auto rounded-xl"
+                    size="lg"
+                  >
+                    <svg className="size-4 mr-2" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" strokeWidth="2">
+                      <path d="M12 5v14M5 12h14" />
+                    </svg>
+                    Create Swap Proposal
+                  </Button>
+                </UnavailableAction>
                 <p className="text-xs text-white/50 text-center sm:text-left">
                   The counterparty will need to connect their wallet and accept the proposal to execute the atomic swap.
                 </p>