diff --git a/packages/ns-wamr/platforms/android/wamr-android/build.gradle.kts b/packages/ns-wamr/platforms/android/wamr-android/build.gradle.kts
index 9349ecca..177e3b35 100644
--- a/packages/ns-wamr/platforms/android/wamr-android/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/packages/ns-wamr/platforms/android/wamr-android/build.gradle.kts
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 plugins {
     // AGP 9 has built-in Kotlin support, so :library needs no Kotlin plugin — 
     // only the pure-JVM :hosttest module does.
-    id("com.android.library") version "9.3.1" apply false
+    id("com.android.library") version "9.4.1" apply false
     id("org.jetbrains.kotlin.jvm") version "2.4.10" apply false
 
     // Kotlin linting for the hand-written wrapper + hosttest sources.
diff --git a/packages/ns-wamr/platforms/android/wamr-android/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.jar b/packages/ns-wamr/platforms/android/wamr-android/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.jar
index 1b33c55b..9fa7f288 100644
Binary files a/packages/ns-wamr/platforms/android/wamr-android/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.jar and b/packages/ns-wamr/platforms/android/wamr-android/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.jar differ
diff --git a/packages/ns-wamr/platforms/android/wamr-android/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.properties b/packages/ns-wamr/platforms/android/wamr-android/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.properties
index a351597e..1a31fd1b 100644
--- a/packages/ns-wamr/platforms/android/wamr-android/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.properties
+++ b/packages/ns-wamr/platforms/android/wamr-android/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.properties
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 distributionBase=GRADLE_USER_HOME
 distributionPath=wrapper/dists
-distributionUrl=https\://services.gradle.org/distributions/gradle-9.6.1-bin.zip
+distributionUrl=https\://services.gradle.org/distributions/gradle-9.8.1-bin.zip
 networkTimeout=10000
 validateDistributionUrl=true
 zipStoreBase=GRADLE_USER_HOME
diff --git a/packages/ns-wamr/platforms/android/wamr-android/gradlew b/packages/ns-wamr/platforms/android/wamr-android/gradlew
index 23d15a93..249efbb0 100755
--- a/packages/ns-wamr/platforms/android/wamr-android/gradlew
+++ b/packages/ns-wamr/platforms/android/wamr-android/gradlew
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #!/bin/sh
 
 #
-# Copyright © 2015-2021 the original authors.
+# Copyright © 2015 the original authors.
 #
 # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 # you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 
 ##############################################################################
 #
-#   Gradle start up script for POSIX generated by Gradle.
+#   gradlew start up script for POSIX generated by Gradle.
 #
 #   Important for running:
 #
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
 #       bash, then to run this script, type that shell name before the whole
 #       command line, like:
 #
-#           ksh Gradle
+#           ksh gradlew
 #
 #       Busybox and similar reduced shells will NOT work, because this script
 #       requires all of these POSIX shell features:
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@
 #       Darwin, MinGW, and NonStop.
 #
 #   (3) This script is generated from the Groovy template
-#       https://github.com/gradle/gradle/blob/HEAD/platforms/jvm/plugins-application/src/main/resources/org/gradle/api/internal/plugins/unixStartScript.txt
+#       https://github.com/gradle/gradle/blob/3d91ce3b8caaf77ad09f381f43615b715b53f72c/platforms/jvm/plugins-application/src/main/resources/org/gradle/api/internal/plugins/unixStartScript.txt
 #       within the Gradle project.
 #
 #       You can find Gradle at https://github.com/gradle/gradle/.
@@ -114,7 +114,6 @@ case "$( uname )" in                #(
   NONSTOP* )        nonstop=true ;;
 esac
 
-CLASSPATH="\\\"\\\""
 
 
 # Determine the Java command to use to start the JVM.
@@ -172,7 +171,6 @@ fi
 # For Cygwin or MSYS, switch paths to Windows format before running java
 if "$cygwin" || "$msys" ; then
     APP_HOME=$( cygpath --path --mixed "$APP_HOME" )
-    CLASSPATH=$( cygpath --path --mixed "$CLASSPATH" )
 
     JAVACMD=$( cygpath --unix "$JAVACMD" )
 
@@ -212,7 +210,6 @@ DEFAULT_JVM_OPTS='"-Xmx64m" "-Xms64m"'
 
 set -- \
         "-Dorg.gradle.appname=$APP_BASE_NAME" \
-        -classpath "$CLASSPATH" \
         -jar "$APP_HOME/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.jar" \
         "$@"
 
diff --git a/packages/ns-wamr/platforms/android/wamr-android/gradlew.bat b/packages/ns-wamr/platforms/android/wamr-android/gradlew.bat
index 5eed7ee8..03754c4c 100644
--- a/packages/ns-wamr/platforms/android/wamr-android/gradlew.bat
+++ b/packages/ns-wamr/platforms/android/wamr-android/gradlew.bat
@@ -19,12 +19,39 @@
 @if "%DEBUG%"=="" @echo off
 @rem ##########################################################################
 @rem
-@rem  Gradle startup script for Windows
+@rem  gradlew startup script for Windows
 @rem
 @rem ##########################################################################
 
-@rem Set local scope for the variables with windows NT shell
-if "%OS%"=="Windows_NT" setlocal
+@rem Set local scope for the variables, and ensure extensions are enabled
+setlocal EnableExtensions
+
+@rem Catch executions from older scripts and ensure they exit cleanly.
+@rem This can be removed once we can be reasonably confident that few people
+@rem will be migrating directly to this new wrapper.
+goto afterSafetyNet
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+goto exitWithErrorLevel
+:afterSafetyNet
 
 set DIRNAME=%~dp0
 if "%DIRNAME%"=="" set DIRNAME=.
@@ -45,13 +72,14 @@ set JAVA_EXE=java.exe
 %JAVA_EXE% -version >NUL 2>&1
 if %ERRORLEVEL% equ 0 goto execute
 
-echo. 1>&2
-echo ERROR: JAVA_HOME is not set and no 'java' command could be found in your PATH. 1>&2
-echo. 1>&2
-echo Please set the JAVA_HOME variable in your environment to match the 1>&2
-echo location of your Java installation. 1>&2
+1>&2 echo.
+1>&2 echo ERROR: JAVA_HOME is not set and no 'java' command could be found in your PATH.
+1>&2 echo.
+1>&2 echo Please set the JAVA_HOME variable in your environment to match the
+1>&2 echo location of your Java installation.
 
-goto fail
+"%COMSPEC%" /c exit 1
+goto exitWithErrorLevel
 
 :findJavaFromJavaHome
 set JAVA_HOME=%JAVA_HOME:"=%
@@ -59,36 +87,26 @@ set JAVA_EXE=%JAVA_HOME%/bin/java.exe
 
 if exist "%JAVA_EXE%" goto execute
 
-echo. 1>&2
-echo ERROR: JAVA_HOME is set to an invalid directory: %JAVA_HOME% 1>&2
-echo. 1>&2
-echo Please set the JAVA_HOME variable in your environment to match the 1>&2
-echo location of your Java installation. 1>&2
+1>&2 echo.
+1>&2 echo ERROR: JAVA_HOME is set to an invalid directory: %JAVA_HOME%
+1>&2 echo.
+1>&2 echo Please set the JAVA_HOME variable in your environment to match the
+1>&2 echo location of your Java installation.
 
-goto fail
+"%COMSPEC%" /c exit 1
+goto exitWithErrorLevel
 
 :execute
 @rem Setup the command line
 
-set CLASSPATH=
 
 
-@rem Execute Gradle
-"%JAVA_EXE%" %DEFAULT_JVM_OPTS% %JAVA_OPTS% %GRADLE_OPTS% "-Dorg.gradle.appname=%APP_BASE_NAME%" -classpath "%CLASSPATH%" -jar "%APP_HOME%\gradle\wrapper\gradle-wrapper.jar" %*
+@rem Execute gradlew
+@rem endlocal doesn't take effect until after the line is parsed and variables are expanded
+@rem which allows us to clear the local environment before executing the java command
+endlocal & "%JAVA_EXE%" %DEFAULT_JVM_OPTS% %JAVA_OPTS% %GRADLE_OPTS% "-Dorg.gradle.appname=%APP_BASE_NAME%" -jar "%APP_HOME%\gradle\wrapper\gradle-wrapper.jar" %* & call :exitWithErrorLevel & goto exitWithErrorLevel
 
-:end
-@rem End local scope for the variables with windows NT shell
-if %ERRORLEVEL% equ 0 goto mainEnd
-
-:fail
-rem Set variable GRADLE_EXIT_CONSOLE if you need the _script_ return code instead of
-rem the _cmd.exe /c_ return code!
-set EXIT_CODE=%ERRORLEVEL%
-if %EXIT_CODE% equ 0 set EXIT_CODE=1
-if not ""=="%GRADLE_EXIT_CONSOLE%" exit %EXIT_CODE%
-exit /b %EXIT_CODE%
-
-:mainEnd
-if "%OS%"=="Windows_NT" endlocal
-
-:omega
+@rem This label must not be changed. We rely on old scripts being able to jump to this point.
+:exitWithErrorLevel
+@rem Use "%COMSPEC%" /c exit to allow operators to work properly in scripts
+"%COMSPEC%" /c exit %ERRORLEVEL%
diff --git a/packages/ns-wamr/src/vendors/wamr-kotlin/build.gradle.kts b/packages/ns-wamr/src/vendors/wamr-kotlin/build.gradle.kts
index 7ae3be7a..a83f0f47 100644
--- a/packages/ns-wamr/src/vendors/wamr-kotlin/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/packages/ns-wamr/src/vendors/wamr-kotlin/build.gradle.kts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 plugins {
-    id("com.android.library") version "9.3.1" apply false
+    id("com.android.library") version "9.4.1" apply false
     id("org.jetbrains.kotlin.jvm") version "2.4.10" apply false
 }
diff --git a/packages/ns-wamr/src/vendors/wamr-kotlin/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.jar b/packages/ns-wamr/src/vendors/wamr-kotlin/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.jar
index 1b33c55b..9fa7f288 100644
Binary files a/packages/ns-wamr/src/vendors/wamr-kotlin/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.jar and b/packages/ns-wamr/src/vendors/wamr-kotlin/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.jar differ
diff --git a/packages/ns-wamr/src/vendors/wamr-kotlin/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.properties b/packages/ns-wamr/src/vendors/wamr-kotlin/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.properties
index a351597e..1a31fd1b 100644
--- a/packages/ns-wamr/src/vendors/wamr-kotlin/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.properties
+++ b/packages/ns-wamr/src/vendors/wamr-kotlin/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.properties
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 distributionBase=GRADLE_USER_HOME
 distributionPath=wrapper/dists
-distributionUrl=https\://services.gradle.org/distributions/gradle-9.6.1-bin.zip
+distributionUrl=https\://services.gradle.org/distributions/gradle-9.8.1-bin.zip
 networkTimeout=10000
 validateDistributionUrl=true
 zipStoreBase=GRADLE_USER_HOME
diff --git a/packages/ns-wamr/src/vendors/wamr-kotlin/gradlew b/packages/ns-wamr/src/vendors/wamr-kotlin/gradlew
index 23d15a93..249efbb0 100755
--- a/packages/ns-wamr/src/vendors/wamr-kotlin/gradlew
+++ b/packages/ns-wamr/src/vendors/wamr-kotlin/gradlew
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #!/bin/sh
 
 #
-# Copyright © 2015-2021 the original authors.
+# Copyright © 2015 the original authors.
 #
 # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 # you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 
 ##############################################################################
 #
-#   Gradle start up script for POSIX generated by Gradle.
+#   gradlew start up script for POSIX generated by Gradle.
 #
 #   Important for running:
 #
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
 #       bash, then to run this script, type that shell name before the whole
 #       command line, like:
 #
-#           ksh Gradle
+#           ksh gradlew
 #
 #       Busybox and similar reduced shells will NOT work, because this script
 #       requires all of these POSIX shell features:
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@
 #       Darwin, MinGW, and NonStop.
 #
 #   (3) This script is generated from the Groovy template
-#       https://github.com/gradle/gradle/blob/HEAD/platforms/jvm/plugins-application/src/main/resources/org/gradle/api/internal/plugins/unixStartScript.txt
+#       https://github.com/gradle/gradle/blob/3d91ce3b8caaf77ad09f381f43615b715b53f72c/platforms/jvm/plugins-application/src/main/resources/org/gradle/api/internal/plugins/unixStartScript.txt
 #       within the Gradle project.
 #
 #       You can find Gradle at https://github.com/gradle/gradle/.
@@ -114,7 +114,6 @@ case "$( uname )" in                #(
   NONSTOP* )        nonstop=true ;;
 esac
 
-CLASSPATH="\\\"\\\""
 
 
 # Determine the Java command to use to start the JVM.
@@ -172,7 +171,6 @@ fi
 # For Cygwin or MSYS, switch paths to Windows format before running java
 if "$cygwin" || "$msys" ; then
     APP_HOME=$( cygpath --path --mixed "$APP_HOME" )
-    CLASSPATH=$( cygpath --path --mixed "$CLASSPATH" )
 
     JAVACMD=$( cygpath --unix "$JAVACMD" )
 
@@ -212,7 +210,6 @@ DEFAULT_JVM_OPTS='"-Xmx64m" "-Xms64m"'
 
 set -- \
         "-Dorg.gradle.appname=$APP_BASE_NAME" \
-        -classpath "$CLASSPATH" \
         -jar "$APP_HOME/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.jar" \
         "$@"
 
diff --git a/packages/ns-wamr/src/vendors/wamr-kotlin/gradlew.bat b/packages/ns-wamr/src/vendors/wamr-kotlin/gradlew.bat
index 5eed7ee8..03754c4c 100644
--- a/packages/ns-wamr/src/vendors/wamr-kotlin/gradlew.bat
+++ b/packages/ns-wamr/src/vendors/wamr-kotlin/gradlew.bat
@@ -19,12 +19,39 @@
 @if "%DEBUG%"=="" @echo off
 @rem ##########################################################################
 @rem
-@rem  Gradle startup script for Windows
+@rem  gradlew startup script for Windows
 @rem
 @rem ##########################################################################
 
-@rem Set local scope for the variables with windows NT shell
-if "%OS%"=="Windows_NT" setlocal
+@rem Set local scope for the variables, and ensure extensions are enabled
+setlocal EnableExtensions
+
+@rem Catch executions from older scripts and ensure they exit cleanly.
+@rem This can be removed once we can be reasonably confident that few people
+@rem will be migrating directly to this new wrapper.
+goto afterSafetyNet
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+goto exitWithErrorLevel
+:afterSafetyNet
 
 set DIRNAME=%~dp0
 if "%DIRNAME%"=="" set DIRNAME=.
@@ -45,13 +72,14 @@ set JAVA_EXE=java.exe
 %JAVA_EXE% -version >NUL 2>&1
 if %ERRORLEVEL% equ 0 goto execute
 
-echo. 1>&2
-echo ERROR: JAVA_HOME is not set and no 'java' command could be found in your PATH. 1>&2
-echo. 1>&2
-echo Please set the JAVA_HOME variable in your environment to match the 1>&2
-echo location of your Java installation. 1>&2
+1>&2 echo.
+1>&2 echo ERROR: JAVA_HOME is not set and no 'java' command could be found in your PATH.
+1>&2 echo.
+1>&2 echo Please set the JAVA_HOME variable in your environment to match the
+1>&2 echo location of your Java installation.
 
-goto fail
+"%COMSPEC%" /c exit 1
+goto exitWithErrorLevel
 
 :findJavaFromJavaHome
 set JAVA_HOME=%JAVA_HOME:"=%
@@ -59,36 +87,26 @@ set JAVA_EXE=%JAVA_HOME%/bin/java.exe
 
 if exist "%JAVA_EXE%" goto execute
 
-echo. 1>&2
-echo ERROR: JAVA_HOME is set to an invalid directory: %JAVA_HOME% 1>&2
-echo. 1>&2
-echo Please set the JAVA_HOME variable in your environment to match the 1>&2
-echo location of your Java installation. 1>&2
+1>&2 echo.
+1>&2 echo ERROR: JAVA_HOME is set to an invalid directory: %JAVA_HOME%
+1>&2 echo.
+1>&2 echo Please set the JAVA_HOME variable in your environment to match the
+1>&2 echo location of your Java installation.
 
-goto fail
+"%COMSPEC%" /c exit 1
+goto exitWithErrorLevel
 
 :execute
 @rem Setup the command line
 
-set CLASSPATH=
 
 
-@rem Execute Gradle
-"%JAVA_EXE%" %DEFAULT_JVM_OPTS% %JAVA_OPTS% %GRADLE_OPTS% "-Dorg.gradle.appname=%APP_BASE_NAME%" -classpath "%CLASSPATH%" -jar "%APP_HOME%\gradle\wrapper\gradle-wrapper.jar" %*
+@rem Execute gradlew
+@rem endlocal doesn't take effect until after the line is parsed and variables are expanded
+@rem which allows us to clear the local environment before executing the java command
+endlocal & "%JAVA_EXE%" %DEFAULT_JVM_OPTS% %JAVA_OPTS% %GRADLE_OPTS% "-Dorg.gradle.appname=%APP_BASE_NAME%" -jar "%APP_HOME%\gradle\wrapper\gradle-wrapper.jar" %* & call :exitWithErrorLevel & goto exitWithErrorLevel
 
-:end
-@rem End local scope for the variables with windows NT shell
-if %ERRORLEVEL% equ 0 goto mainEnd
-
-:fail
-rem Set variable GRADLE_EXIT_CONSOLE if you need the _script_ return code instead of
-rem the _cmd.exe /c_ return code!
-set EXIT_CODE=%ERRORLEVEL%
-if %EXIT_CODE% equ 0 set EXIT_CODE=1
-if not ""=="%GRADLE_EXIT_CONSOLE%" exit %EXIT_CODE%
-exit /b %EXIT_CODE%
-
-:mainEnd
-if "%OS%"=="Windows_NT" endlocal
-
-:omega
+@rem This label must not be changed. We rely on old scripts being able to jump to this point.
+:exitWithErrorLevel
+@rem Use "%COMSPEC%" /c exit to allow operators to work properly in scripts
+"%COMSPEC%" /c exit %ERRORLEVEL%
diff --git a/packages/ns-wamr/src/vendors/wamr-kotlin/hosttest/build.gradle.kts b/packages/ns-wamr/src/vendors/wamr-kotlin/hosttest/build.gradle.kts
index 91ceb4b0..783b4345 100644
--- a/packages/ns-wamr/src/vendors/wamr-kotlin/hosttest/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/packages/ns-wamr/src/vendors/wamr-kotlin/hosttest/build.gradle.kts
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ sourceSets {
 }
 
 dependencies {
-    implementation("net.java.dev.jna:jna:5.17.0")
+    implementation("net.java.dev.jna:jna:5.19.1")
 
     testImplementation(platform("org.junit:junit-bom:6.1.2"))
     testImplementation("org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter")
diff --git a/packages/ns-wamr/src/vendors/wamr-kotlin/library/build.gradle.kts b/packages/ns-wamr/src/vendors/wamr-kotlin/library/build.gradle.kts
index 51d95f2c..f18f551e 100644
--- a/packages/ns-wamr/src/vendors/wamr-kotlin/library/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/packages/ns-wamr/src/vendors/wamr-kotlin/library/build.gradle.kts
@@ -36,5 +36,5 @@ kotlin {
 
 dependencies {
     // JNA is required by the UniFFI-generated bindings
-    api("net.java.dev.jna:jna:5.17.0@aar")
+    api("net.java.dev.jna:jna:5.19.1@aar")
 }
diff --git a/packages/ns-wasm-chicory/platforms/android/chicory-android/build.gradle.kts b/packages/ns-wasm-chicory/platforms/android/chicory-android/build.gradle.kts
index 5aebd9b0..2deab3e8 100644
--- a/packages/ns-wasm-chicory/platforms/android/chicory-android/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/packages/ns-wasm-chicory/platforms/android/chicory-android/build.gradle.kts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 plugins {
-    id("com.android.library") version "9.3.1" apply false
+    id("com.android.library") version "9.4.1" apply false
     id("org.jetbrains.kotlin.jvm") version "2.4.10" apply false
 
     // Kotlin linting for the hand-written wrapper sources.
diff --git a/packages/ns-wasm-chicory/platforms/android/chicory-android/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.jar b/packages/ns-wasm-chicory/platforms/android/chicory-android/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.jar
index 1b33c55b..9fa7f288 100644
Binary files a/packages/ns-wasm-chicory/platforms/android/chicory-android/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.jar and b/packages/ns-wasm-chicory/platforms/android/chicory-android/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.jar differ
diff --git a/packages/ns-wasm-chicory/platforms/android/chicory-android/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.properties b/packages/ns-wasm-chicory/platforms/android/chicory-android/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.properties
index a351597e..1a31fd1b 100644
--- a/packages/ns-wasm-chicory/platforms/android/chicory-android/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.properties
+++ b/packages/ns-wasm-chicory/platforms/android/chicory-android/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.properties
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 distributionBase=GRADLE_USER_HOME
 distributionPath=wrapper/dists
-distributionUrl=https\://services.gradle.org/distributions/gradle-9.6.1-bin.zip
+distributionUrl=https\://services.gradle.org/distributions/gradle-9.8.1-bin.zip
 networkTimeout=10000
 validateDistributionUrl=true
 zipStoreBase=GRADLE_USER_HOME
diff --git a/packages/ns-wasm-chicory/platforms/android/chicory-android/gradlew b/packages/ns-wasm-chicory/platforms/android/chicory-android/gradlew
index 23d15a93..249efbb0 100755
--- a/packages/ns-wasm-chicory/platforms/android/chicory-android/gradlew
+++ b/packages/ns-wasm-chicory/platforms/android/chicory-android/gradlew
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #!/bin/sh
 
 #
-# Copyright © 2015-2021 the original authors.
+# Copyright © 2015 the original authors.
 #
 # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 # you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 
 ##############################################################################
 #
-#   Gradle start up script for POSIX generated by Gradle.
+#   gradlew start up script for POSIX generated by Gradle.
 #
 #   Important for running:
 #
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
 #       bash, then to run this script, type that shell name before the whole
 #       command line, like:
 #
-#           ksh Gradle
+#           ksh gradlew
 #
 #       Busybox and similar reduced shells will NOT work, because this script
 #       requires all of these POSIX shell features:
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@
 #       Darwin, MinGW, and NonStop.
 #
 #   (3) This script is generated from the Groovy template
-#       https://github.com/gradle/gradle/blob/HEAD/platforms/jvm/plugins-application/src/main/resources/org/gradle/api/internal/plugins/unixStartScript.txt
+#       https://github.com/gradle/gradle/blob/3d91ce3b8caaf77ad09f381f43615b715b53f72c/platforms/jvm/plugins-application/src/main/resources/org/gradle/api/internal/plugins/unixStartScript.txt
 #       within the Gradle project.
 #
 #       You can find Gradle at https://github.com/gradle/gradle/.
@@ -114,7 +114,6 @@ case "$( uname )" in                #(
   NONSTOP* )        nonstop=true ;;
 esac
 
-CLASSPATH="\\\"\\\""
 
 
 # Determine the Java command to use to start the JVM.
@@ -172,7 +171,6 @@ fi
 # For Cygwin or MSYS, switch paths to Windows format before running java
 if "$cygwin" || "$msys" ; then
     APP_HOME=$( cygpath --path --mixed "$APP_HOME" )
-    CLASSPATH=$( cygpath --path --mixed "$CLASSPATH" )
 
     JAVACMD=$( cygpath --unix "$JAVACMD" )
 
@@ -212,7 +210,6 @@ DEFAULT_JVM_OPTS='"-Xmx64m" "-Xms64m"'
 
 set -- \
         "-Dorg.gradle.appname=$APP_BASE_NAME" \
-        -classpath "$CLASSPATH" \
         -jar "$APP_HOME/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.jar" \
         "$@"
 
diff --git a/packages/ns-wasm-chicory/platforms/android/chicory-android/gradlew.bat b/packages/ns-wasm-chicory/platforms/android/chicory-android/gradlew.bat
index 5eed7ee8..03754c4c 100644
--- a/packages/ns-wasm-chicory/platforms/android/chicory-android/gradlew.bat
+++ b/packages/ns-wasm-chicory/platforms/android/chicory-android/gradlew.bat
@@ -19,12 +19,39 @@
 @if "%DEBUG%"=="" @echo off
 @rem ##########################################################################
 @rem
-@rem  Gradle startup script for Windows
+@rem  gradlew startup script for Windows
 @rem
 @rem ##########################################################################
 
-@rem Set local scope for the variables with windows NT shell
-if "%OS%"=="Windows_NT" setlocal
+@rem Set local scope for the variables, and ensure extensions are enabled
+setlocal EnableExtensions
+
+@rem Catch executions from older scripts and ensure they exit cleanly.
+@rem This can be removed once we can be reasonably confident that few people
+@rem will be migrating directly to this new wrapper.
+goto afterSafetyNet
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+goto exitWithErrorLevel
+:afterSafetyNet
 
 set DIRNAME=%~dp0
 if "%DIRNAME%"=="" set DIRNAME=.
@@ -45,13 +72,14 @@ set JAVA_EXE=java.exe
 %JAVA_EXE% -version >NUL 2>&1
 if %ERRORLEVEL% equ 0 goto execute
 
-echo. 1>&2
-echo ERROR: JAVA_HOME is not set and no 'java' command could be found in your PATH. 1>&2
-echo. 1>&2
-echo Please set the JAVA_HOME variable in your environment to match the 1>&2
-echo location of your Java installation. 1>&2
+1>&2 echo.
+1>&2 echo ERROR: JAVA_HOME is not set and no 'java' command could be found in your PATH.
+1>&2 echo.
+1>&2 echo Please set the JAVA_HOME variable in your environment to match the
+1>&2 echo location of your Java installation.
 
-goto fail
+"%COMSPEC%" /c exit 1
+goto exitWithErrorLevel
 
 :findJavaFromJavaHome
 set JAVA_HOME=%JAVA_HOME:"=%
@@ -59,36 +87,26 @@ set JAVA_EXE=%JAVA_HOME%/bin/java.exe
 
 if exist "%JAVA_EXE%" goto execute
 
-echo. 1>&2
-echo ERROR: JAVA_HOME is set to an invalid directory: %JAVA_HOME% 1>&2
-echo. 1>&2
-echo Please set the JAVA_HOME variable in your environment to match the 1>&2
-echo location of your Java installation. 1>&2
+1>&2 echo.
+1>&2 echo ERROR: JAVA_HOME is set to an invalid directory: %JAVA_HOME%
+1>&2 echo.
+1>&2 echo Please set the JAVA_HOME variable in your environment to match the
+1>&2 echo location of your Java installation.
 
-goto fail
+"%COMSPEC%" /c exit 1
+goto exitWithErrorLevel
 
 :execute
 @rem Setup the command line
 
-set CLASSPATH=
 
 
-@rem Execute Gradle
-"%JAVA_EXE%" %DEFAULT_JVM_OPTS% %JAVA_OPTS% %GRADLE_OPTS% "-Dorg.gradle.appname=%APP_BASE_NAME%" -classpath "%CLASSPATH%" -jar "%APP_HOME%\gradle\wrapper\gradle-wrapper.jar" %*
+@rem Execute gradlew
+@rem endlocal doesn't take effect until after the line is parsed and variables are expanded
+@rem which allows us to clear the local environment before executing the java command
+endlocal & "%JAVA_EXE%" %DEFAULT_JVM_OPTS% %JAVA_OPTS% %GRADLE_OPTS% "-Dorg.gradle.appname=%APP_BASE_NAME%" -jar "%APP_HOME%\gradle\wrapper\gradle-wrapper.jar" %* & call :exitWithErrorLevel & goto exitWithErrorLevel
 
-:end
-@rem End local scope for the variables with windows NT shell
-if %ERRORLEVEL% equ 0 goto mainEnd
-
-:fail
-rem Set variable GRADLE_EXIT_CONSOLE if you need the _script_ return code instead of
-rem the _cmd.exe /c_ return code!
-set EXIT_CODE=%ERRORLEVEL%
-if %EXIT_CODE% equ 0 set EXIT_CODE=1
-if not ""=="%GRADLE_EXIT_CONSOLE%" exit %EXIT_CODE%
-exit /b %EXIT_CODE%
-
-:mainEnd
-if "%OS%"=="Windows_NT" endlocal
-
-:omega
+@rem This label must not be changed. We rely on old scripts being able to jump to this point.
+:exitWithErrorLevel
+@rem Use "%COMSPEC%" /c exit to allow operators to work properly in scripts
+"%COMSPEC%" /c exit %ERRORLEVEL%
diff --git a/packages/ns-wasm3/platforms/android/wasm3-android/build.gradle.kts b/packages/ns-wasm3/platforms/android/wasm3-android/build.gradle.kts
index 96a0b1b8..e98f610e 100644
--- a/packages/ns-wasm3/platforms/android/wasm3-android/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/packages/ns-wasm3/platforms/android/wasm3-android/build.gradle.kts
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 plugins {
     // AGP 9 has built-in Kotlin support, so :library needs no Kotlin plugin —
     // only the pure-JVM :hosttest module does.
-    id("com.android.library") version "9.3.1" apply false
+    id("com.android.library") version "9.4.1" apply false
     id("org.jetbrains.kotlin.jvm") version "2.4.10" apply false
 
     // Kotlin linting for the hand-written wrapper + hosttest sources.
diff --git a/packages/ns-wasm3/platforms/android/wasm3-android/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.jar b/packages/ns-wasm3/platforms/android/wasm3-android/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.jar
index 1b33c55b..9fa7f288 100644
Binary files a/packages/ns-wasm3/platforms/android/wasm3-android/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.jar and b/packages/ns-wasm3/platforms/android/wasm3-android/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.jar differ
diff --git a/packages/ns-wasm3/platforms/android/wasm3-android/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.properties b/packages/ns-wasm3/platforms/android/wasm3-android/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.properties
index a351597e..1a31fd1b 100644
--- a/packages/ns-wasm3/platforms/android/wasm3-android/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.properties
+++ b/packages/ns-wasm3/platforms/android/wasm3-android/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.properties
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 distributionBase=GRADLE_USER_HOME
 distributionPath=wrapper/dists
-distributionUrl=https\://services.gradle.org/distributions/gradle-9.6.1-bin.zip
+distributionUrl=https\://services.gradle.org/distributions/gradle-9.8.1-bin.zip
 networkTimeout=10000
 validateDistributionUrl=true
 zipStoreBase=GRADLE_USER_HOME
diff --git a/packages/ns-wasm3/platforms/android/wasm3-android/gradlew b/packages/ns-wasm3/platforms/android/wasm3-android/gradlew
index 23d15a93..249efbb0 100755
--- a/packages/ns-wasm3/platforms/android/wasm3-android/gradlew
+++ b/packages/ns-wasm3/platforms/android/wasm3-android/gradlew
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #!/bin/sh
 
 #
-# Copyright © 2015-2021 the original authors.
+# Copyright © 2015 the original authors.
 #
 # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 # you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 
 ##############################################################################
 #
-#   Gradle start up script for POSIX generated by Gradle.
+#   gradlew start up script for POSIX generated by Gradle.
 #
 #   Important for running:
 #
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
 #       bash, then to run this script, type that shell name before the whole
 #       command line, like:
 #
-#           ksh Gradle
+#           ksh gradlew
 #
 #       Busybox and similar reduced shells will NOT work, because this script
 #       requires all of these POSIX shell features:
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@
 #       Darwin, MinGW, and NonStop.
 #
 #   (3) This script is generated from the Groovy template
-#       https://github.com/gradle/gradle/blob/HEAD/platforms/jvm/plugins-application/src/main/resources/org/gradle/api/internal/plugins/unixStartScript.txt
+#       https://github.com/gradle/gradle/blob/3d91ce3b8caaf77ad09f381f43615b715b53f72c/platforms/jvm/plugins-application/src/main/resources/org/gradle/api/internal/plugins/unixStartScript.txt
 #       within the Gradle project.
 #
 #       You can find Gradle at https://github.com/gradle/gradle/.
@@ -114,7 +114,6 @@ case "$( uname )" in                #(
   NONSTOP* )        nonstop=true ;;
 esac
 
-CLASSPATH="\\\"\\\""
 
 
 # Determine the Java command to use to start the JVM.
@@ -172,7 +171,6 @@ fi
 # For Cygwin or MSYS, switch paths to Windows format before running java
 if "$cygwin" || "$msys" ; then
     APP_HOME=$( cygpath --path --mixed "$APP_HOME" )
-    CLASSPATH=$( cygpath --path --mixed "$CLASSPATH" )
 
     JAVACMD=$( cygpath --unix "$JAVACMD" )
 
@@ -212,7 +210,6 @@ DEFAULT_JVM_OPTS='"-Xmx64m" "-Xms64m"'
 
 set -- \
         "-Dorg.gradle.appname=$APP_BASE_NAME" \
-        -classpath "$CLASSPATH" \
         -jar "$APP_HOME/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.jar" \
         "$@"
 
diff --git a/packages/ns-wasm3/platforms/android/wasm3-android/gradlew.bat b/packages/ns-wasm3/platforms/android/wasm3-android/gradlew.bat
index 5eed7ee8..03754c4c 100644
--- a/packages/ns-wasm3/platforms/android/wasm3-android/gradlew.bat
+++ b/packages/ns-wasm3/platforms/android/wasm3-android/gradlew.bat
@@ -19,12 +19,39 @@
 @if "%DEBUG%"=="" @echo off
 @rem ##########################################################################
 @rem
-@rem  Gradle startup script for Windows
+@rem  gradlew startup script for Windows
 @rem
 @rem ##########################################################################
 
-@rem Set local scope for the variables with windows NT shell
-if "%OS%"=="Windows_NT" setlocal
+@rem Set local scope for the variables, and ensure extensions are enabled
+setlocal EnableExtensions
+
+@rem Catch executions from older scripts and ensure they exit cleanly.
+@rem This can be removed once we can be reasonably confident that few people
+@rem will be migrating directly to this new wrapper.
+goto afterSafetyNet
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+goto exitWithErrorLevel
+:afterSafetyNet
 
 set DIRNAME=%~dp0
 if "%DIRNAME%"=="" set DIRNAME=.
@@ -45,13 +72,14 @@ set JAVA_EXE=java.exe
 %JAVA_EXE% -version >NUL 2>&1
 if %ERRORLEVEL% equ 0 goto execute
 
-echo. 1>&2
-echo ERROR: JAVA_HOME is not set and no 'java' command could be found in your PATH. 1>&2
-echo. 1>&2
-echo Please set the JAVA_HOME variable in your environment to match the 1>&2
-echo location of your Java installation. 1>&2
+1>&2 echo.
+1>&2 echo ERROR: JAVA_HOME is not set and no 'java' command could be found in your PATH.
+1>&2 echo.
+1>&2 echo Please set the JAVA_HOME variable in your environment to match the
+1>&2 echo location of your Java installation.
 
-goto fail
+"%COMSPEC%" /c exit 1
+goto exitWithErrorLevel
 
 :findJavaFromJavaHome
 set JAVA_HOME=%JAVA_HOME:"=%
@@ -59,36 +87,26 @@ set JAVA_EXE=%JAVA_HOME%/bin/java.exe
 
 if exist "%JAVA_EXE%" goto execute
 
-echo. 1>&2
-echo ERROR: JAVA_HOME is set to an invalid directory: %JAVA_HOME% 1>&2
-echo. 1>&2
-echo Please set the JAVA_HOME variable in your environment to match the 1>&2
-echo location of your Java installation. 1>&2
+1>&2 echo.
+1>&2 echo ERROR: JAVA_HOME is set to an invalid directory: %JAVA_HOME%
+1>&2 echo.
+1>&2 echo Please set the JAVA_HOME variable in your environment to match the
+1>&2 echo location of your Java installation.
 
-goto fail
+"%COMSPEC%" /c exit 1
+goto exitWithErrorLevel
 
 :execute
 @rem Setup the command line
 
-set CLASSPATH=
 
 
-@rem Execute Gradle
-"%JAVA_EXE%" %DEFAULT_JVM_OPTS% %JAVA_OPTS% %GRADLE_OPTS% "-Dorg.gradle.appname=%APP_BASE_NAME%" -classpath "%CLASSPATH%" -jar "%APP_HOME%\gradle\wrapper\gradle-wrapper.jar" %*
+@rem Execute gradlew
+@rem endlocal doesn't take effect until after the line is parsed and variables are expanded
+@rem which allows us to clear the local environment before executing the java command
+endlocal & "%JAVA_EXE%" %DEFAULT_JVM_OPTS% %JAVA_OPTS% %GRADLE_OPTS% "-Dorg.gradle.appname=%APP_BASE_NAME%" -jar "%APP_HOME%\gradle\wrapper\gradle-wrapper.jar" %* & call :exitWithErrorLevel & goto exitWithErrorLevel
 
-:end
-@rem End local scope for the variables with windows NT shell
-if %ERRORLEVEL% equ 0 goto mainEnd
-
-:fail
-rem Set variable GRADLE_EXIT_CONSOLE if you need the _script_ return code instead of
-rem the _cmd.exe /c_ return code!
-set EXIT_CODE=%ERRORLEVEL%
-if %EXIT_CODE% equ 0 set EXIT_CODE=1
-if not ""=="%GRADLE_EXIT_CONSOLE%" exit %EXIT_CODE%
-exit /b %EXIT_CODE%
-
-:mainEnd
-if "%OS%"=="Windows_NT" endlocal
-
-:omega
+@rem This label must not be changed. We rely on old scripts being able to jump to this point.
+:exitWithErrorLevel
+@rem Use "%COMSPEC%" /c exit to allow operators to work properly in scripts
+"%COMSPEC%" /c exit %ERRORLEVEL%
diff --git a/packages/ns-wasm3/src/vendors/wasm3-kotlin/build.gradle.kts b/packages/ns-wasm3/src/vendors/wasm3-kotlin/build.gradle.kts
index acf56955..f30cea38 100644
--- a/packages/ns-wasm3/src/vendors/wasm3-kotlin/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/packages/ns-wasm3/src/vendors/wasm3-kotlin/build.gradle.kts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // Gradle project for wasm3-kotlin: UniFFI-generated Kotlin bindings for wasm3.
 // AGP 9 is required: Gradle 9.6 removed the internal Problems API that AGP 8.x relied on.
 plugins {
-    id("com.android.library") version "9.3.1" apply false
+    id("com.android.library") version "9.4.1" apply false
     id("org.jetbrains.kotlin.jvm") version "2.4.10" apply false
 }
diff --git a/packages/ns-wasm3/src/vendors/wasm3-kotlin/hosttest/build.gradle.kts b/packages/ns-wasm3/src/vendors/wasm3-kotlin/hosttest/build.gradle.kts
index 479f5413..5f58c32f 100644
--- a/packages/ns-wasm3/src/vendors/wasm3-kotlin/hosttest/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/packages/ns-wasm3/src/vendors/wasm3-kotlin/hosttest/build.gradle.kts
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ sourceSets {
 }
 
 dependencies {
-    implementation("net.java.dev.jna:jna:5.15.0")
+    implementation("net.java.dev.jna:jna:5.19.1")
 
     testImplementation(platform("org.junit:junit-bom:6.1.2"))
     testImplementation("org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter")
diff --git a/packages/ns-wasm3/src/vendors/wasm3-kotlin/library/build.gradle.kts b/packages/ns-wasm3/src/vendors/wasm3-kotlin/library/build.gradle.kts
index 3df6152f..32352521 100644
--- a/packages/ns-wasm3/src/vendors/wasm3-kotlin/library/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/packages/ns-wasm3/src/vendors/wasm3-kotlin/library/build.gradle.kts
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ android {
 
 dependencies {
     // UniFFI-generated bindings depend on the UniFFI Kotlin runtime
-    implementation("net.java.dev.jna:jna:5.15.0@aar")
+    implementation("net.java.dev.jna:jna:5.19.1@aar")
 }
 
 // UniFFI Kotlin bindings are generated by build.sh and committed.
diff --git a/packages/ns-wry/platforms/android/nsc-wry-android/build.gradle.kts b/packages/ns-wry/platforms/android/nsc-wry-android/build.gradle.kts
index a0e4a987..2546cfa0 100644
--- a/packages/ns-wry/platforms/android/nsc-wry-android/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/packages/ns-wry/platforms/android/nsc-wry-android/build.gradle.kts
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 plugins {
     // AGP 9 has built-in Kotlin support, so :library needs no Kotlin plugin —
     // only the pure-JVM :hosttest module does.
-    id("com.android.library") version "9.3.1" apply false
+    id("com.android.library") version "9.4.1" apply false
     id("org.jetbrains.kotlin.jvm") version "2.4.10" apply false
 
     // Kotlin linting for the hand-written wrapper + hosttest sources.
diff --git a/packages/ns-wry/platforms/android/nsc-wry-android/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.jar b/packages/ns-wry/platforms/android/nsc-wry-android/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.jar
index 1b33c55b..9fa7f288 100644
Binary files a/packages/ns-wry/platforms/android/nsc-wry-android/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.jar and b/packages/ns-wry/platforms/android/nsc-wry-android/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.jar differ
diff --git a/packages/ns-wry/platforms/android/nsc-wry-android/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.properties b/packages/ns-wry/platforms/android/nsc-wry-android/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.properties
index a351597e..1a31fd1b 100644
--- a/packages/ns-wry/platforms/android/nsc-wry-android/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.properties
+++ b/packages/ns-wry/platforms/android/nsc-wry-android/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.properties
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 distributionBase=GRADLE_USER_HOME
 distributionPath=wrapper/dists
-distributionUrl=https\://services.gradle.org/distributions/gradle-9.6.1-bin.zip
+distributionUrl=https\://services.gradle.org/distributions/gradle-9.8.1-bin.zip
 networkTimeout=10000
 validateDistributionUrl=true
 zipStoreBase=GRADLE_USER_HOME
diff --git a/packages/ns-wry/platforms/android/nsc-wry-android/gradlew b/packages/ns-wry/platforms/android/nsc-wry-android/gradlew
index 23d15a93..249efbb0 100755
--- a/packages/ns-wry/platforms/android/nsc-wry-android/gradlew
+++ b/packages/ns-wry/platforms/android/nsc-wry-android/gradlew
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #!/bin/sh
 
 #
-# Copyright © 2015-2021 the original authors.
+# Copyright © 2015 the original authors.
 #
 # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 # you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 
 ##############################################################################
 #
-#   Gradle start up script for POSIX generated by Gradle.
+#   gradlew start up script for POSIX generated by Gradle.
 #
 #   Important for running:
 #
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
 #       bash, then to run this script, type that shell name before the whole
 #       command line, like:
 #
-#           ksh Gradle
+#           ksh gradlew
 #
 #       Busybox and similar reduced shells will NOT work, because this script
 #       requires all of these POSIX shell features:
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@
 #       Darwin, MinGW, and NonStop.
 #
 #   (3) This script is generated from the Groovy template
-#       https://github.com/gradle/gradle/blob/HEAD/platforms/jvm/plugins-application/src/main/resources/org/gradle/api/internal/plugins/unixStartScript.txt
+#       https://github.com/gradle/gradle/blob/3d91ce3b8caaf77ad09f381f43615b715b53f72c/platforms/jvm/plugins-application/src/main/resources/org/gradle/api/internal/plugins/unixStartScript.txt
 #       within the Gradle project.
 #
 #       You can find Gradle at https://github.com/gradle/gradle/.
@@ -114,7 +114,6 @@ case "$( uname )" in                #(
   NONSTOP* )        nonstop=true ;;
 esac
 
-CLASSPATH="\\\"\\\""
 
 
 # Determine the Java command to use to start the JVM.
@@ -172,7 +171,6 @@ fi
 # For Cygwin or MSYS, switch paths to Windows format before running java
 if "$cygwin" || "$msys" ; then
     APP_HOME=$( cygpath --path --mixed "$APP_HOME" )
-    CLASSPATH=$( cygpath --path --mixed "$CLASSPATH" )
 
     JAVACMD=$( cygpath --unix "$JAVACMD" )
 
@@ -212,7 +210,6 @@ DEFAULT_JVM_OPTS='"-Xmx64m" "-Xms64m"'
 
 set -- \
         "-Dorg.gradle.appname=$APP_BASE_NAME" \
-        -classpath "$CLASSPATH" \
         -jar "$APP_HOME/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.jar" \
         "$@"
 
diff --git a/packages/ns-wry/platforms/android/nsc-wry-android/gradlew.bat b/packages/ns-wry/platforms/android/nsc-wry-android/gradlew.bat
index 5eed7ee8..03754c4c 100644
--- a/packages/ns-wry/platforms/android/nsc-wry-android/gradlew.bat
+++ b/packages/ns-wry/platforms/android/nsc-wry-android/gradlew.bat
@@ -19,12 +19,39 @@
 @if "%DEBUG%"=="" @echo off
 @rem ##########################################################################
 @rem
-@rem  Gradle startup script for Windows
+@rem  gradlew startup script for Windows
 @rem
 @rem ##########################################################################
 
-@rem Set local scope for the variables with windows NT shell
-if "%OS%"=="Windows_NT" setlocal
+@rem Set local scope for the variables, and ensure extensions are enabled
+setlocal EnableExtensions
+
+@rem Catch executions from older scripts and ensure they exit cleanly.
+@rem This can be removed once we can be reasonably confident that few people
+@rem will be migrating directly to this new wrapper.
+goto afterSafetyNet
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
+goto exitWithErrorLevel
+:afterSafetyNet
 
 set DIRNAME=%~dp0
 if "%DIRNAME%"=="" set DIRNAME=.
@@ -45,13 +72,14 @@ set JAVA_EXE=java.exe
 %JAVA_EXE% -version >NUL 2>&1
 if %ERRORLEVEL% equ 0 goto execute
 
-echo. 1>&2
-echo ERROR: JAVA_HOME is not set and no 'java' command could be found in your PATH. 1>&2
-echo. 1>&2
-echo Please set the JAVA_HOME variable in your environment to match the 1>&2
-echo location of your Java installation. 1>&2
+1>&2 echo.
+1>&2 echo ERROR: JAVA_HOME is not set and no 'java' command could be found in your PATH.
+1>&2 echo.
+1>&2 echo Please set the JAVA_HOME variable in your environment to match the
+1>&2 echo location of your Java installation.
 
-goto fail
+"%COMSPEC%" /c exit 1
+goto exitWithErrorLevel
 
 :findJavaFromJavaHome
 set JAVA_HOME=%JAVA_HOME:"=%
@@ -59,36 +87,26 @@ set JAVA_EXE=%JAVA_HOME%/bin/java.exe
 
 if exist "%JAVA_EXE%" goto execute
 
-echo. 1>&2
-echo ERROR: JAVA_HOME is set to an invalid directory: %JAVA_HOME% 1>&2
-echo. 1>&2
-echo Please set the JAVA_HOME variable in your environment to match the 1>&2
-echo location of your Java installation. 1>&2
+1>&2 echo.
+1>&2 echo ERROR: JAVA_HOME is set to an invalid directory: %JAVA_HOME%
+1>&2 echo.
+1>&2 echo Please set the JAVA_HOME variable in your environment to match the
+1>&2 echo location of your Java installation.
 
-goto fail
+"%COMSPEC%" /c exit 1
+goto exitWithErrorLevel
 
 :execute
 @rem Setup the command line
 
-set CLASSPATH=
 
 
-@rem Execute Gradle
-"%JAVA_EXE%" %DEFAULT_JVM_OPTS% %JAVA_OPTS% %GRADLE_OPTS% "-Dorg.gradle.appname=%APP_BASE_NAME%" -classpath "%CLASSPATH%" -jar "%APP_HOME%\gradle\wrapper\gradle-wrapper.jar" %*
+@rem Execute gradlew
+@rem endlocal doesn't take effect until after the line is parsed and variables are expanded
+@rem which allows us to clear the local environment before executing the java command
+endlocal & "%JAVA_EXE%" %DEFAULT_JVM_OPTS% %JAVA_OPTS% %GRADLE_OPTS% "-Dorg.gradle.appname=%APP_BASE_NAME%" -jar "%APP_HOME%\gradle\wrapper\gradle-wrapper.jar" %* & call :exitWithErrorLevel & goto exitWithErrorLevel
 
-:end
-@rem End local scope for the variables with windows NT shell
-if %ERRORLEVEL% equ 0 goto mainEnd
-
-:fail
-rem Set variable GRADLE_EXIT_CONSOLE if you need the _script_ return code instead of
-rem the _cmd.exe /c_ return code!
-set EXIT_CODE=%ERRORLEVEL%
-if %EXIT_CODE% equ 0 set EXIT_CODE=1
-if not ""=="%GRADLE_EXIT_CONSOLE%" exit %EXIT_CODE%
-exit /b %EXIT_CODE%
-
-:mainEnd
-if "%OS%"=="Windows_NT" endlocal
-
-:omega
+@rem This label must not be changed. We rely on old scripts being able to jump to this point.
+:exitWithErrorLevel
+@rem Use "%COMSPEC%" /c exit to allow operators to work properly in scripts
+"%COMSPEC%" /c exit %ERRORLEVEL%