Add INSERT ... SELECT and ClickHouse insert settings

[Makisuo]

Phase 4 of design/writes.md, the last insert phase. Stacked on #11 → #10 → #9.

CH.insertInto(Daily)
	.select(
		CH.from(Spans)
			.select(($) => ({ OrgId: $.OrgId, Name: $.Name, Total: CH.sum($.Ms) }))
			.where(($) => [$.OrgId.eq(CH.param.string("orgId"))])
			.groupBy("OrgId", "Name"),
	)
	.settings({ async_insert: 0 })

What changes

• select(query) takes a query or a unionAll. The selected aliases name the columns in select order, so ClickHouse and Postgres agree.
• Type check. The selected row is checked against the table at the type level: an unknown or computed column, a value of the wrong type, or a missing required column is a type error naming the columns. A nullable sum into a NOT NULL column is rejected, so wrap it in coalesce.
• Tenant scope. Into an untenanted table, the insert has the SELECT's scope (what it reads). Into a tenant table, it is single-tenant only when the read is and each row takes its tenant from a source tenant column or from the same param that pins the read.
• Combinations. returning and onConflict* work with select; select and values replace each other.
• settings(record) writes INSERT ... SETTINGS name = value on ClickHouse. New optional DialectClauses.insertSettings; Postgres refuses with a defect.
• Not built: encodeInsertRows (§7), since no consumer has asked for it.

Testing

• bun run typecheck and bun run test: 510 unit tests and the doc checks pass.
• Unit tests cover the SQL on both dialects, shared param numbering with ON CONFLICT, unions, the tenant-scope cases and settings; type tests cover the fit check and settings.
• PGlite: an INSERT ... SELECT ... GROUP BY rollup with onConflictDoUpdate and returning, run twice to check that it accumulates.
• Live ClickHouse suite (249 tests) on 26.2.19.43 and 26.8.2.7, including INSERT ... SELECT and SETTINGS.

🤖 Generated with Claude Code

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📥 Commits

Reviewing files that changed from the base of the PR and between eab33d4 and db39f5e.

📒 Files selected for processing (12)

• CHANGELOG.md
• design/writes.md
• docs/inserts.md
• docs/reference.md
• src/ch/compile.ts
• src/ch/dialect.ts
• src/ch/index.ts
• src/ch/insert.test-d.ts
• src/ch/insert.test.ts
• src/ch/insert.ts
• src/database/database.test.ts
• tests/database.clickhouse.test.ts

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