Write vdprintf's output without a stdio stream on Windows

Makefile

@@ -907,7 +907,7 @@ UTARGETS += test_batchsvd
 MODULES_test_batchsvd = -llowrank
 
 # lib misc
-UTARGETS += test_pattern test_types test_misc test_memcfl test_tree test_streams
+UTARGETS += test_pattern test_types test_misc test_memcfl test_tree test_streams test_io
 
 # lib moba
 UTARGETS += test_moba

src/win/vdprintf.h

@@ -9,21 +9,57 @@
 #ifndef _VDPRINTF_WINDOWS
 #define _VDPRINTF_WINDOWS
 
+#include <stdarg.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
-#include "misc/misc.h"
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <io.h>
 
 int vdprintf(int, const char*, va_list);
 
+// Formats into memory and writes the bytes to the descriptor, as POSIX
+// vdprintf does.  A stdio stream opened over the descriptor for each call
+// could not be closed without closing the descriptor, and the C runtime
+// holds a fixed number of streams per process.
 int vdprintf(int fd, const char *format, va_list ap)
 {
-	FILE* stream = _fdopen(fd, "a");
-	if (stream == NULL)
-		error("Unable to open file.\n");
-	int err = vfprintf(stream, format, ap);
-	if (err == -1)
-		error("Unable to write to file.\n");
-	fflush(stream);
-	return err;
+	char small[256];
+	char* buf = small;
+
+	va_list aq;
+	va_copy(aq, ap);
+	int len = vsnprintf(small, sizeof small, format, aq);
+	va_end(aq);
+
+	if (len < 0)
+		return -1;
+
+	if ((size_t)len >= sizeof small) {
+
+		if (NULL == (buf = malloc((size_t)len + 1)))
+			return -1;
+
+		vsnprintf(buf, (size_t)len + 1, format, ap);
+	}
+
+	int done = 0;
+
+	while (done < len) {
+
+		int n = _write(fd, buf + done, (unsigned int)(len - done));
+
+		if (n <= 0) {
+
+			done = -1;
+			break;
+		}
+
+		done += n;
+	}
+
+	if (small != buf)
+		free(buf);
+
+	return done;
 }
 
 #endif /* _VDPRINTF_WINDOWS */

utests/test_io.c

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+/* Copyright 2026. Pulserver contributors.
+ * All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by
+ * a BSD-style license which can be found in the LICENSE file.
+ *
+ * Headers written through the descriptor-level printf, many of them in one
+ * process, as a program that runs BART's commands in-process writes them.
+ */
+
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+
+#include "misc/misc.h"
+#include "misc/io.h"
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#include "win/open_patch.h"
+#endif
+
+#include "utest.h"
+
+
+static bool test_cfl_header_length_is_its_bytes(void)
+{
+	const char* name = "test_io_header.hdr";
+	bart_dim_t dims[16] = { 3, 4, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 5 };
+
+	int fd = open(name, O_RDWR|O_CREAT|O_TRUNC, S_IRUSR|S_IWUSR);
+
+	UT_RETURN_ON_FAILURE(-1 != fd);
+
+	int written = write_cfl_header(fd, NULL, 16, dims);
+
+	off_t size = lseek(fd, 0, SEEK_END);
+
+	close(fd);
+	unlink(name);
+
+	UT_RETURN_ASSERT((0 < written) && (size == written));
+}
+
+UT_REGISTER_TEST(test_cfl_header_length_is_its_bytes);
+
+
+static bool test_many_cfl_headers_in_one_process(void)
+{
+#ifdef _WIN32
+	const char* null_file = "nul";
+#else
+	const char* null_file = "/dev/null";
+#endif
+	bart_dim_t dims[16] = { 3, 4, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 5 };
+
+	int fd = open(null_file, O_WRONLY);
+
+	UT_RETURN_ON_FAILURE(-1 != fd);
+
+	// Each header is a few dozen formatted writes, so this is more writes
+	// than a C runtime holds streams.
+	bool ok = true;
+
+	for (int i = 0; ok && (i < 200); i++)
+		ok = (0 < write_cfl_header(fd, NULL, 16, dims));
+
+	close(fd);
+
+	UT_RETURN_ASSERT(ok);
+}
+
+UT_REGISTER_TEST(test_many_cfl_headers_in_one_process);