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ML-Gateway

ML-Gateway is a FastAPI server that loads pre-trained Hugging Face NLP models at startup and exposes them through a small REST API. It is the machine learning back end of Vulnerability-Lookup: the web application calls the gateway over HTTP and renders the answers, so it carries no ML dependency of its own.

The gateway currently offers three capabilities, each backed by models published by CIRCL on Hugging Face:

  • Severity classification of a vulnerability description, in English, Chinese and Russian (POST /classify/severity).
  • ATT&CK technique classification: which MITRE ATT&CK techniques a description suggests (POST /classify/attack-techniques).
  • ATT&CK retrieval over a bi-encoder vector index maintained by the gateway: which indexed vulnerabilities match a technique, and which vulnerabilities behave like a given one (/index/attack-biencoder, /retrieve/attack-biencoder/…).

Every model is loaded once at startup, so requests never wait for a model load. Inference runs on CPU; no GPU is needed. The server publishes its OpenAPI documentation at /docs.

Conceptual architecture

Installation

git clone https://github.com/vulnerability-lookup/ML-Gateway
cd ML-Gateway/
poetry install
poetry run ml-gw-cli refresh-all   # downloads every model into the local cache

We recommend running ML-Gateway on a separate server from Vulnerability-Lookup. It needs no database: the only state on disk is the Hugging Face model cache and the retrieval index directory described below.

Running the server

For production on a 16-core machine, we recommend gunicorn with uvicorn workers and gunicorn's --preload flag:

HF_HUB_OFFLINE=1 OMP_NUM_THREADS=4 MKL_NUM_THREADS=4 \
ML_GATEWAY_INDEX_TOKEN='<shared secret>' \
poetry run gunicorn api.main:app \
  -k uvicorn.workers.UvicornWorker \
  -w 4 --preload \
  -b 127.0.0.1:8000 \
  --graceful-timeout 2 --timeout 300 \
  --reuse-port --proxy-protocol

Bind the gateway to localhost or a private interface that only Vulnerability-Lookup can reach, never to a public address: the read endpoints are unauthenticated and run CPU-bound inference for every call, so anyone who can reach them can saturate the server, and the index endpoint, although it requires a token, writes to disk.

Why these settings on 16 cores:

  • --preload imports the app (and therefore loads every model) once in the master process before forking. Workers inherit the loaded weights via copy-on-write, so the models are held in memory once instead of once per worker. Each worker then reports Models ready once its own warm-up is done.
  • -w 4 with OMP_NUM_THREADS=4 / MKL_NUM_THREADS=4 gives each worker 4 PyTorch intra-op threads. 4 × 4 = 16 keeps every core busy during inference while avoiding the memory overhead of 8+ worker processes.
  • --reuse-port lets the kernel spread incoming connections across workers; --proxy-protocol preserves client IPs when fronted by a PROXY-protocol aware load balancer.
  • ML_GATEWAY_INDEX_TOKEN is the shared secret the index endpoint requires. Keep it in a file only the service user can read (an EnvironmentFile under systemd, a .env file for docker compose) rather than on the command line.
  • HF_HUB_OFFLINE=1 forbids any Hugging Face Hub access, so the server never pulls model updates behind your back. See the next section.

For development, a single uvicorn process is sufficient:

ML_GATEWAY_INDEX_TOKEN=dev HF_HUB_OFFLINE=1 \
  poetry run uvicorn api.main:app --host 127.0.0.1 --port 8000

Model cache

Models are downloaded into the Hugging Face cache by the CLI, not by the server:

poetry run ml-gw-cli refresh-all                       # every model the server preloads
poetry run ml-gw-cli refresh-model --model-name CIRCL/vulnerability-severity-classification-RoBERTa-base

With HF_HUB_OFFLINE=1, every model the server preloads must already be in that cache, otherwise startup fails with LocalEntryNotFoundError. Run refresh-all once after installing and after every upgrade that adds a model, then start the server. Without the variable, transformers checks the Hub at every start and silently loads a newer revision if one was published; the model_revision field of every response tells you which one is served.

Environment variables

Variable Default Purpose
ML_GATEWAY_INDEX_TOKEN unset Shared secret for POST /index/attack-biencoder, sent by the client as Authorization: Bearer <token>. While unset the endpoint refuses every call with 503; a wrong or missing token gets 401. The read endpoints never require it. Give the same value to Vulnerability-Lookup as ML_GATEWAY_TOKEN.
ML_GATEWAY_INDEX_MAX_ITEMS 5000000 Ceiling on the number of distinct IDs the index endpoint may grow the index to (about 1.5 KB each). A call that would exceed it is refused with 507; updating an already indexed ID is always allowed. The CLI commands are not subject to it.
ML_GATEWAY_INDEX_DIR ./index Directory of the on-disk retrieval index, one sub-directory per model. Relative to the working directory, so start the server and the CLI from the same place or set an absolute path for both.
HF_HUB_OFFLINE unset Set to 1 to forbid Hugging Face Hub access; every model must then be cached first with ml-gw-cli refresh-all.

Docker

docker compose up -d builds an image that downloads every model at build time and starts the server. Put ML_GATEWAY_INDEX_TOKEN=<shared secret> in a .env file next to docker-compose.yml; the retrieval index lives in the named volume ml-gateway-index and the port is published on 127.0.0.1 only.

API

Method Path Auth Purpose
POST /classify/severity none Severity of a description (single label).
POST /classify/attack-techniques none ATT&CK techniques suggested by a description (multi-label).
POST /index/attack-biencoder bearer token Embed descriptions into the retrieval index.
GET /retrieve/attack-biencoder/techniques none Techniques the technique search can rank for.
GET /retrieve/attack-biencoder/technique/{id} none Indexed vulnerabilities ranked for one technique.
POST /retrieve/attack-biencoder/related none Indexed vulnerabilities nearest to one vulnerability or text.
GET / none Health check, answers "OK".

Every response carries the provenance of the model that produced it: model (the Hugging Face repository) and model_revision (the commit SHA of the snapshot loaded at startup, null for a local path), so callers can pin and audit which exact weights produced a result. Application errors (an unknown model, an unknown technique, an index built with another revision) come back as 200 with a message in error and empty results; on success error is null. Authentication, validation and capacity problems are HTTP errors (401, 422, 503, 507).

Supported models:

Model Endpoint Language Labels
CIRCL/vulnerability-severity-classification-RoBERTa-base (default) /classify/severity English Low, Medium, High, Critical
CIRCL/vulnerability-severity-classification-chinese-macbert-base /classify/severity Chinese 低, 中, 高
CIRCL/vulnerability-severity-classification-russian-ruRoberta-large /classify/severity Russian Low, Medium, High, Critical
CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-classification-roberta-base /classify/attack-techniques English ATT&CK technique IDs (multi-label)
CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-biencoder /index/…, /retrieve/… English none: embeddings for retrieval

Severity classification

POST /classify/severity returns the predicted severity label and the softmax probability of that label. The default model is the English RoBERTa; pass model to use another one from the table above.

curl -X 'POST' 'http://127.0.0.1:8000/classify/severity' \
  -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
  -d '{
  "description": "SAP NetWeaver Visual Composer Metadata Uploader is not protected with a proper authorization, allowing unauthenticated agent to upload potentially malicious executable binaries that could severely harm the host system. This could significantly affect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the targeted system."
}'
{"severity":"Critical","confidence":0.9954,"model":"CIRCL/vulnerability-severity-classification-RoBERTa-base","model_revision":"987d2c3a2d521db0cda327e1bb77248c381f057c","error":null}

For a Russian description:

curl -X 'POST' 'http://127.0.0.1:8000/classify/severity' \
  -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
  -d '{
  "description": "Уязвимость веб-интерфейса маршрутизатора связана с недостаточной проверкой входных данных в параметре file. Эксплуатация уязвимости может позволить нарушителю, действующему удалённо, выполнить произвольный код на целевой системе.",
  "model": "CIRCL/vulnerability-severity-classification-russian-ruRoberta-large"
}'
{"severity":"Critical","confidence":0.8766,"model":"CIRCL/vulnerability-severity-classification-russian-ruRoberta-large","model_revision":"5de95b34808c905f912eb6fd11fdbd64717c57e3","error":null}

For a Chinese description:

curl -X 'POST' 'http://127.0.0.1:8000/classify/severity' \
  -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
  -d '{
  "description": "TOTOLINK A3600R是中国吉翁电子(TOTOLINK)公司的一款6天线1200M无线路由器。TOTOLINK A3600R存在缓冲区溢出漏洞,该漏洞源于/cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi文件的UploadCustomModule函数中的File参数未能正确验证输入数据的长度大小,攻击者可利用该漏洞在系统上执行任意代码或者导致拒绝服务。",
  "model": "CIRCL/vulnerability-severity-classification-chinese-macbert-base"
}'
{"severity":"","confidence":0.9884,"model":"CIRCL/vulnerability-severity-classification-chinese-macbert-base","model_revision":"0b16f3602ce4d3485bdd4fc6914f9753643de639","error":null}

Response fields:

Field Type Description
severity string | null Predicted severity label (e.g. Low, Medium, High, Critical). null when classification could not be performed.
confidence float Softmax probability of the predicted class, rounded to four decimals.
model string Hugging Face model identifier that produced the prediction.
model_revision string | null Commit SHA of the model snapshot loaded from the Hugging Face Hub. null when the snapshot does not carry revision metadata (e.g. a local path).
error string | null Human-readable message when classification failed (for example an unknown model), null otherwise.

Results are cached per (model, description) for an hour, so repeated requests for the same text do not re-run the model.

ATT&CK technique classification

POST /classify/attack-techniques ranks MITRE ATT&CK (Enterprise) techniques for a vulnerability description with CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-classification-roberta-base. Unlike severity classification this is a multi-label task: every technique in the model's vocabulary is scored independently (sigmoid), so the scores do not sum to 1 and several techniques can clear the 0.5 prediction threshold at once. The top_k field (default 10) controls how many ranked techniques are returned; the full ranking is computed and cached once per description, so varying top_k does not re-run inference.

curl -X 'POST' 'http://127.0.0.1:8000/classify/attack-techniques' \
  -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
  -d '{
  "description": "Zoho ManageEngine ServiceDesk Plus before 11306 is vulnerable to unauthenticated remote code execution.",
  "top_k": 3
}'
{"techniques":[{"technique":"T1190","name":"Exploit Public-Facing Application","score":0.7147,"predicted":true},{"technique":"T1059","name":"Command and Scripting Interpreter","score":0.7063,"predicted":true},{"technique":"T1505","name":"Server Software Component","score":0.6834,"predicted":true}],"model":"CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-classification-roberta-base","model_revision":"e00f52c78d34a6d51a1af1a9323cbe7847f6f2e2","error":null}

Response fields:

Field Type Description
techniques array Top-k techniques ranked by score, best first. Empty when classification failed.
techniques[].technique string MITRE ATT&CK technique ID (e.g. T1190).
techniques[].name string | null Official ATT&CK technique name, from the bundled ATT&CK name table.
techniques[].score float Sigmoid probability, rounded to four decimals.
techniques[].predicted bool true when the score is at least 0.5, the threshold used by the model's training metrics.
model / model_revision / error Same provenance and error semantics as /classify/severity.

ATT&CK retrieval with the bi-encoder

CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-biencoder embeds vulnerability descriptions and ATT&CK technique texts in one vector space, which answers two questions the classification head cannot: which vulnerabilities for this technique and which vulnerabilities behave like this one. The gateway owns the vectors and the search; clients such as Vulnerability-Lookup only send descriptions and render the answers. Only the vulnerability → technique direction has measured accuracy, so present both searches as similarity aids, not classifications.

flowchart LR
    classDef data fill:#e8f0fe,stroke:#4285f4,color:#000;
    classDef tool fill:#fff4e5,stroke:#f9a825,color:#000;
    classDef out fill:#e6f4ea,stroke:#188038,color:#000;

    subgraph VL["Vulnerability-Lookup"]
        direction TB
        ingest["Feeder ingest<br/>new or changed description"]:::data
        techpage["Technique page<br/>«vulnerabilities for this technique»"]:::data
        vulnpage["Vulnerability page<br/>«related by attack behaviour»"]:::data
    end

    subgraph GW["ML-Gateway"]
        direction TB
        idx["POST /index/attack-biencoder"]:::tool
        tech["GET /retrieve/attack-biencoder/technique/{id}"]:::tool
        rel["POST /retrieve/attack-biencoder/related"]:::tool
        enc["Bi-encoder<br/>CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-biencoder<br/>mean-pool · L2-normalize"]:::tool
        store[("Vector store<br/>float16 matrix, memory-mapped,<br/>shared by all workers,<br/>pinned to one model revision")]:::out
    end

    ingest -- "{id, text}" --> idx
    techpage -- "T1190" --> tech
    vulnpage -- "{id} or {text}" --> rel
    idx -- embed --> enc
    enc -- upsert vector --> store
    tech -- "sigmoid(scale·cos + bias)" --> store
    rel -- "plain cosine" --> store
    tech -. "ranked ids + scores" .-> techpage
    rel -. "ranked ids + scores" .-> vulnpage
Loading

The index lives on disk under ML_GATEWAY_INDEX_DIR (default ./index, one sub-directory per model). It must be a persistent volume shared by every worker process: the float16 matrix is memory-mapped, so gunicorn workers share one copy through the page cache and see each other's appends without a restart. Vectors are only comparable within one model revision; the directory records the revision it was built with, and every request returns an error asking for a rebuild when the served model changes (delete the directory and seed it again, see Seeding the retrieval index).

Index one or more descriptions (call once per record at ingest, and again whenever a description changes — re-sending an ID replaces its vector). This is the only endpoint that writes, so it requires the bearer token configured as ML_GATEWAY_INDEX_TOKEN and refuses calls past ML_GATEWAY_INDEX_MAX_ITEMS with 507. An empty items list is a cheap way to read the current count.

curl -X 'POST' 'http://127.0.0.1:8000/index/attack-biencoder' \
  -H 'Authorization: Bearer <ML_GATEWAY_INDEX_TOKEN>' \
  -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
  -d '{"items": [{"id": "CVE-2021-44077", "text": "Zoho ManageEngine ServiceDesk Plus before 11306 is vulnerable to unauthenticated remote code execution."}]}'
{"indexed":1,"count":1,"model":"CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-biencoder","model_revision":"fb2219fa308ef9b967374267363f9b834a775b17","error":null}

List the techniques the technique search can rank for: the 53 techniques the model was trained on (in_vocabulary: true) plus every other active enterprise technique with a bundled ATT&CK text, 697 in total, so a client can offer a technique index without its own copy of the ATT&CK tables:

curl 'http://127.0.0.1:8000/retrieve/attack-biencoder/techniques'
{"techniques":[{"technique":"T1001","name":"Data Obfuscation","in_vocabulary":false},…,{"technique":"T1190","name":"Exploit Public-Facing Application","in_vocabulary":true},…],"model":"CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-biencoder","model_revision":"fb2219fa308ef9b967374267363f9b834a775b17","error":null}

Rank indexed vulnerabilities for a technique. Scores are the training-time probability sigmoid(logit_scale · cosine + logit_bias), so a vulnerability's score for a technique here equals what the vulnerability → technique direction gives it. Techniques the model was not trained on are embedded from their official ATT&CK text and reported with in_vocabulary: false; they rank noticeably worse and interfaces should flag them.

curl 'http://127.0.0.1:8000/retrieve/attack-biencoder/technique/T1190?top_k=3'
{"technique":"T1190","name":"Exploit Public-Facing Application","in_vocabulary":true,"results":[{"id":"CVE-2021-44077","score":0.7556}],"model":"CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-biencoder","model_revision":"fb2219fa308ef9b967374267363f9b834a775b17","error":null}

Find related vulnerabilities, by plain cosine. Pass either the id of an indexed vulnerability (excluded from its own results) or a free text:

curl -X 'POST' 'http://127.0.0.1:8000/retrieve/attack-biencoder/related' \
  -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
  -d '{"id": "CVE-2021-44077", "top_k": 3}'
{"results":[{"id":"CVE-2017-0144","score":0.3841}],"model":"CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-biencoder","model_revision":"fb2219fa308ef9b967374267363f9b834a775b17","error":null}
Endpoint Field Description
POST /index/attack-biencoder Authorization Bearer <ML_GATEWAY_INDEX_TOKEN>; 401 if wrong, 503 while the gateway has no token configured.
items[].id, items[].text Identifier (no whitespace, at most 256 characters) and description to embed; up to 1000 items per call.
indexed, count Items upserted by this call; distinct IDs in the index afterwards.
GET /retrieve/attack-biencoder/techniques model Query parameter.
techniques[] technique, name, in_vocabulary for every technique the technique search can rank for, sorted by ID.
GET /retrieve/attack-biencoder/technique/{id} top_k, model Query parameters; top_k defaults to 10 (max 1000).
in_vocabulary true for the 53 techniques the model was trained on.
results[].score sigmoid(logit_scale · cosine + logit_bias), rounded to four decimals.
POST /retrieve/attack-biencoder/related id or text Exactly one; plus optional top_k (default 10, max 1000) and model.
results[].score Plain cosine, rounded to four decimals.
all model / model_revision / error Same provenance and error semantics as /classify/severity.

The scoring function (mean pooling over the attention mask, L2 normalization, 512-token descriptions and 256-token technique texts, the affine constants read from the model's config) reproduces VulnTrain's attack-biencoder-retrieval contract exactly, so the numbers match the training-time validator.

Seeding the retrieval index

Vulnerability-Lookup sends every new or updated description to the index endpoint at ingest, so the index only has to be seeded once with the existing corpus. That seed is read from the NDJSON dumps Vulnerability-Lookup publishes and can be embedded either on the gateway host or on a faster GPU host. Both CLI commands write to the same directory the server reads (ML_GATEWAY_INDEX_DIR), need no token, and are safe to run while the server is up.

flowchart LR
    classDef data fill:#e8f0fe,stroke:#4285f4,color:#000;
    classDef tool fill:#fff4e5,stroke:#f9a825,color:#000;
    classDef out fill:#e6f4ea,stroke:#188038,color:#000;

    dumps["Vulnerability-Lookup dumps<br/>one .ndjson per feed<br/>(cvelistv5, github, pysec, …)"]:::data

    subgraph gpu["GPU host (optional)"]
        direction LR
        embed["ml-gw-cli embed-dumps --device cuda<br/>same extraction, no index"]:::tool
        npz["vectors.npz<br/>ids · float16 embeddings<br/>model · model_revision"]:::data
    end

    subgraph gateway["Gateway host"]
        direction TB
        backfill["ml-gw-cli backfill-index<br/>extract → embed on CPU → upsert"]:::tool
        imp["ml-gw-cli import-index<br/>refuses another model revision"]:::tool
        server["Running server<br/>POST /index/attack-biencoder at ingest"]:::tool
        store[("Vector store<br/>$ML_GATEWAY_INDEX_DIR<br/>appends visible to every worker")]:::out
    end

    dumps -- "path A: one-time seed" --> backfill --> store
    dumps -- "path B: one-time seed" --> embed --> npz -- copy --> imp --> store
    server -- "keeps it current" --> store
Loading

1. Download the dumps. A Vulnerability-Lookup instance publishes one plain .ndjson file per feed, regenerated daily, for example at https://vulnerability.circl.lu/dumps/. There is no archive to unpack: fetch the feeds you want into one directory. cvelistv5.ndjson alone is several GB.

mkdir -p dumps && cd dumps
for feed in cvelistv5 github pysec jvndb; do
  curl -fLO --retry 3 "https://vulnerability.circl.lu/dumps/${feed}.ndjson"
done

Which feeds to take:

  • cvelistv5 is the CVE corpus. Leave nvd and fkie_nvd out of the first pass: they carry the same CVEs, so almost every record would be a duplicate that is read and discarded. Add them later with --skip-existing to pick up the few CVEs that cvelistv5 lacks.
  • github, pysec, jvndb and variot add non-CVE advisories.
  • The csaf_* feeds are large and their summaries are advisory topics rather than vulnerability descriptions; add them only if you want advisories to show up in the related-vulnerabilities search.
  • comments, bundles, sightings and kev_entries are not vulnerability feeds and are skipped automatically if they sit in the directory.
  • Files may be gzipped (.ndjson.gz) to save disk space.

2a. Embed on the gateway host. backfill-index reads the dumps, recognizes the CVE JSON 5, NVD API, OSV, CSAF, JVNDB and VARIoT layouts, indexes each ID once (first occurrence wins; a directory is read in sorted order, so cvelistv5 precedes fkie_nvd and nvd) and prints a per-feed report. Expect a few hours for several hundred thousand descriptions on a multi-core server CPU, so run it under tmux or nohup; --skip-existing resumes an interrupted run and --limit is handy for a first try. On the host that also serves requests, cap its threads and lower its priority so the workers keep answering:

HF_HUB_OFFLINE=1 OMP_NUM_THREADS=4 MKL_NUM_THREADS=4 nice -n 19 \
  poetry run ml-gw-cli backfill-index --dumps dumps/ --batch-size 64

2b. Or embed on a GPU host and ship the vectors. embed-dumps runs the same extraction and deduplication without touching any index, and writes one .npz archive (ids, float16 embeddings, model, model_revision; about 1.5 KB per vulnerability). Clone this repository on the GPU host, install it, cache the model, then embed:

git clone https://github.com/vulnerability-lookup/ML-Gateway && cd ML-Gateway
poetry install
poetry run ml-gw-cli refresh-model --model-name CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-biencoder
poetry run ml-gw-cli embed-dumps --dumps /path/to/dumps/ --output vectors.npz --device cuda

Copy vectors.npz to the gateway host and import it. The import refuses an archive whose model revision differs from the served model, so both hosts must have the same revision cached: refresh the model on both on the same day. The archive can also be produced with the reference snippet from VulnTrain's attack-biencoder-retrieval page, as long as it carries the keys above and the vectors are L2-normalized.

HF_HUB_OFFLINE=1 poetry run ml-gw-cli import-index --file vectors.npz

3. Rebuilding. Vectors are only comparable within one model revision. When the served model changes, delete the index directory and seed it again with either path.

Integration with Vulnerability-Lookup

Vulnerability-Lookup never exposes the gateway directly. Its backend proxies the calls behind its own /api/vlai/… endpoints, which add timeouts, key validation and 502/503 mapping, and its pages call those with asynchronous JavaScript. For example, the severity classification shown on a vulnerability page comes from POST /api/vlai/severity-classification:

fetch("https://vulnerability.circl.lu/api/vlai/severity-classification", {
    method: "POST",
    headers: {
    "Content-Type": "application/json"
    },
    body: JSON.stringify({ description: "Description of the vulnerability…" })
})
.then(response => response.json())
.then(result => {
    console.log(result["severity"] + " (confidence: " + result["confidence"] + ")");
})
.catch((error) => {
    console.error("Error:", error);
});

The ATT&CK technique suggestions, the "related by attack behaviour" block and the technique pages work the same way through their own /api/vlai proxies. On the Vulnerability-Lookup side, ML_GATEWAY in config/website.py points to this server, ML_GATEWAY_TOKEN holds the same value as the gateway's ML_GATEWAY_INDEX_TOKEN, and ATTACK_EMBEDDING_INDEXER = True starts the consumer that sends every published description to the index endpoint.

Funding

AIPITCH (AI-Powered Innovative Toolkit for Cybersecurity Hubs) is a co-funded EU project supported by the European Cybersecurity Competence Centre (ECCC) under the DIGITAL-ECCC-2024-DEPLOY-CYBER-06-ENABLINGTECH program and CIRCL.

The project brings together an international consortium to develop AI-based tools that enhance the capabilities of operational cybersecurity teams. These tools are designed to support critical services, with a focus on national security teams, while also being applicable to internal security teams in companies and institutions.

License

ML-Gateway is licensed under GNU Affero General Public License version 3.

Copyright (c) 2025-2026 Computer Incident Response Center Luxembourg (CIRCL)
Copyright (C) 2025-2026 Cédric Bonhomme - https://github.com/cedricbonhomme

About

This project implements a FastAPI-based local server designed to load one or more pre-trained NLP models during startup and expose them through a clean, RESTful API for inference.

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