Add insertInto(...).values(...) for ClickHouse and Postgres

[Makisuo]

Phase 1 of the write builders planned in design/writes.md: INSERT ... VALUES from the same table definitions queries read.

const insertKey = CH.insertInto(ApiKeys).values({
	id: CH.param.string("id"),
	org_id: CH.param.string("orgId"),
	name: "default",
})
yield* Db.run(insertKey, { id, orgId })

What changes

• Row type. A column is required unless it's nullable or has a default. null only type-checks on nullable columns. A value can be a plain value, a param.*, or any expression of the column's type.
• Defaults. New TableOptions.defaults. defineTable works defaults out from default / defaultExpr and records MATERIALIZED / ALIAS columns as not insertable (a type error, and a compile error at runtime).
• Compiling. Values go through each column's codec: inlined as literals on ClickHouse, bound as $n on Postgres. Columns are written in table order whatever the key order; a key some rows omit becomes DEFAULT (checked on ClickHouse 26.2 and 26.8).
• Limits. New ParamStyle.maxParameters; Postgres sets 65535 and a statement over it fails to compile instead of being split.
• Tenant scope. Derived as for queries: single-tenant when every row gives the tenant column the same value or param.
• Running. compile / compileUnsafe are overloaded for inserts, and Database.run accepts one. New CompiledQuery.kind ("select" / "insert") lets run send an insert through command (needed on ClickHouse) and return [].

Not in this PR

RETURNING, ON CONFLICT, INSERT ... SELECT and ClickHouse SETTINGS are phases 2–4 of design/writes.md.

Testing

• bun run typecheck and bun run test: 493 unit tests and the doc checks pass.
• Exact SQL, error and tenant-scope tests in src/ch/insert.test.ts; type tests in src/ch/insert.test-d.ts.
• PGlite round trip covering jsonb, arrays, timestamptz, DEFAULT, and rollback inside a transaction.
• Live ClickHouse suite (248 tests) on 26.2.19.43 and 26.8.2.7, including an insert round trip covering Map, Array, Nullable, DateTime64 and an expression default.

🤖 Generated with Claude Code

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📥 Commits

Reviewing files that changed from the base of the PR and between f3be054 and ecace6a.

📒 Files selected for processing (23)

• CHANGELOG.md
• README.md
• design/writes.md
• docs/README.md
• docs/database.md
• docs/inserts.md
• docs/reference.md
• docs/tables-and-types.md
• src/ch/compile.ts
• src/ch/dialect.ts
• src/ch/expr.ts
• src/ch/index.ts
• src/ch/insert.test-d.ts
• src/ch/insert.test.ts
• src/ch/insert.ts
• src/ch/table.ts
• src/database/database.test.ts
• src/database/database.ts
• src/pg/dialect.ts
• src/postgres.ts
• src/schema.ts
• src/schema/define.ts
• tests/database.clickhouse.test.ts

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